:

Class. Book.

"

BAGSTER'S

ANALYTICAL HEBREW AND CHALDEE

LEXICON.

THE ANALYTICAL

CONSISTING OF

AN ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF EVERY WORD AND

INFLECTION CONTAINED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

SCRIPTURES, PRECISELY AS THEY OCCUR

IN THE SACRED TEXT, WITH A

GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF EACH WORD, AND LEXICOGRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION OF THE MEANINGS.

A COMPLETE SERIES OF HEBREW AND CHALDEE PARADIGMS, WITH GRAMMATICAL REMARKS AND EXPLANATIONS.

SECOND EDITION.

BY B. DAVIDSON,

AUTHOR OF THE SYEIAC AND CHALDEE HEADING LESSONS, AND JOINT AUTHOE OF THE ELEMENTARY ARABIC GRAMMAR AND READING LESSONS, ETC.

IIOAAAI pel/ 6vt)tols TAQTTAI, fxia d'ABavaroKTiv.

LONDON:. SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS,

AT THE WAREHOUSE FOR BIBLES, NEW TESTAMENTS, PRAYER BOOKS, LEXICONS, CONCORDANCES, GRAMMARS, AND PSALTERS, IN ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES.

T •"■

4***

PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.

The instruction of a competent living Teacher is doubtless the most efficient means of acquiring any Language. Supplied with such help, the Student requires little more than the subject at heart, attention, and perseverance. And there cannot be said to be any lack of Teachers of the Hebrew Language in England ; for, besides the Universities and Colleges with their qualified Tutors, there are numerous private teachers of sufficient ability. Suitable Books too are abundant and accessible.

A practical difficulty, however, remains : Students can rarely secure the advantage of oral instruction long enough to obtain a complete knowledge of Hebrew; and those especially who seek to qualify them- selves for the Ministry of the Word of God, too frequently find their College Terms expire without their having attained proficiency : for, unlike the Classics, the Hebrew language is ordinarily taken up during the busiest period of life.

It is for such, and for the numerous class of private persons who are anxious to complete and preserve their acquaintance with the Original of the Sacred Oracles, that this Work has been executed.

The knowledge of Hebrew is a branch of Education of the highest importance, and it is now attracting the attention it deserves. Public, and the more respectable private Schools, are generally acknowledging its theological value, and are introducing its study.

PUBLISHEKS' PREFACE.

Notwithstanding, however, the growing desire for the acquisition of the Hebrew Language, and the increasing number of Students, there are in proportion but very few who derive real benefit from their exertions.

The present Work aims at the removal of the cause of this general failure in the study of Hebrew.

Believing that the real cause of this want of correspondence between effort and result consists in the uncertainty experienced by most of those who pursue the study alone, we have here prepared, in the concisest and most accessible form, a Lexicon of analysed foems, which will supply the inquiring Student with information at every step of his progress, and thus, while he is practising the language, save his valuable time, and encourage him to proceed by the certainty it will impart to all his researches.

This important Work occupied upwards of seven years of unremitting labour perseveringly bestowed upon its preparation and execution ; and it is incumbent on the Publishers to acknowledge their obligation to the learned Author, for his unwearied and self-denying assiduity in connection with the Work during so protracted a period. It is hardly necessary to state that the materials thus gathered at so much cost have received all the attention and care it was possible to bestow upon the typography.

London: 15, Paternoster Row.

THE CONTENTS.

OBJECT AND PLAN LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PAGE

vii

GRAMMATICAL OBSERVATIONS, WITH TABLES OF PARADIGMS OF THE HEBREW

LANGUAGE.

Section

II.

m.

IV. V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XL

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

xvin.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

xxn. xxm.

XXIV.

xxv.

XXVI. XXVII.

xxvin.

XXIX.

(Table A)

? and ?, the Conjunction 3,

(Table B, p. 15)

The Personal Pronoun The Separate Pronoun The Verbal Suffix

Suffixes to the Noun in the Singular . Suffixes to the Noun in the Plural . Suffixes attached to the Prefix Prepositions

of the Accusative) and the Prepositions |J? and DJJ

Unusual Conjugations

Quadriliterals

Regular Verb — Kal

Niphal Piel and Pual Hiphil and Hophal Hithpael Verb Pe Guttural ....

Ayin Guttural Lamed Guttural Regular Verb with Suffixes Irregular Verbs — Pe Nun .

Ayin doubled Pe Aleph Pe Yod Ayin Vav Ayin Yod . Lamed Aleph Lamed He Verbs doubly Anomalous Nouns derived from the Regular Verb

Irregular Verbs The Vowel-changes of Nouns . . . .

On the Declension of the Masculine Nouns in General (Table O, pp. 59, 60)

(Table C, p. 25) (Table D, p. 25) (Table E, p. 26) (Table F, p. 29) (Table G, p. 32) (Table H) (Table I) (Table K) (Table L, p. 44) ( Ditto ) (Table M) . (Table N, p. 50)

ns*

(Sign

9 10 10 12 12

13 15 17 17 20 21 22 24 26 28 29 30 33 34 39 41 45 47 48 51 54 55 56 57 58

THE CONTENTS.

PAGE

Section XXX. First Declension of the Masculines 61

XXXI. Second Declension of the Masculines 62

XXXII. Third Declension of the Masculines 63

XXXIII. Fourth Declension of the Masculines 64

XXXIV. Fifth Declension of the Masculines 64

XXXY. Sixth Declension of the Masculines .......... 65

XXXYI. Seventh Declension of the Masculines 68

XXXVII. Eighth Declension of the Masculines 69

XXXVTII. Ninth Declension of the Masculines 70

XXXIX. Vowel-changes in the Formation of Feminine Nouns . . .... 71

XL. On the Declension of the Feminine Nouns in General . (Table O, p. 60) . 73

XLI. Tenth Declension, or the First of the Feminines ...... 73

XLII. Eleventh Declension, or the Second of the Feminines 73

XLIII. Twelfth Declension, or the Third of the Feminines 74

XLIV. Thirteenth Declension, or the Fourth of the Feminines 75

XLV. Irregular Nouns 76

OF THE CHALDEE LANGUAGE.

The Personal Pronoun (Table P) . 78

XLVI. On the Suffixes to Nouns Singular and Plural 78

XLVII. On the Regular Verb (Table Q, p. 79) . 80

XLVIII. Unfrequent Conjugations ............ 80

XLIX. Verbs with Gutturals 81

L. On the Eegular Verb with Suffixes . . . . r (Table R, p. 81) . . 82

Table T. Verbs Ayin doubled 82

LI. On Verbs Pe Nun (Table S, p. 82) . . 83

LII. On Verbs Pe Yod (and Pe Vav) (Table U) ... 83

Lin. Verbs Pe Aleph 83

LIV. On Verbs Ayin Vav (and Ayin Yod) .... (Table V) . . 84

LV. On Verbs Lamed Aleph (and Lamed He) . , (Table W, p. 85) . 86

LVI. Verbs doubly Anomalous 86

Table X. Declension of Masculine and Feminine Nouns .... 87

LVII. First Declension of Masculines 88

LVIII. Second Declension of Masculines . . ,~^ . . . . . . . . 88

LIX. Third Declension of Masculines 88

LX. Fourth Declension of Masculines . . . 89

LXI. Fifth Declension of Masculines 89

LXH. Sixth Declension of Masculines . 89

LXHI. Seventh Declension of Masculines . 89

LXIV. Eighth Declension, or the First of Feminines 89

LXV. Ninth Declension, or the Second of Feminines .... ... 89

LXVI. Tenth Declension, or the Third of Feminines . ... . . . 89

LXVn. Eleventh Declension, or the Fourth of Feminines . . . . . . . 89

LXVIII. Irregular Nouns 90

THE ANALYTICAL HEBREW AND CHALDEE LEXICON, Containing the Alphabetical Arrangement of the Words of the Entire Hebrew Scriptures, with parsing Analysis and Lexicography . . . . i. to dcclxxxiv.

THE OBJECT AND PLAN

OF THE

ANALYTICAL HEBREW AND CHALDEE

LEXICON.

From what has been briefly stated in the Preface, it will sufficiently appear that this Work is intended, not so much to teach the first principles of Hebrew Grammar, as to provide the Student who has already begun to read a little (ever so little) with the means of making speedy and sure after progress. Its object is to assist him in his practice of the Sacred Text, by enabling him to apply the Eules he has learned, and may be learning ; and, by supplying him with the Analysis of every single word in the entire language, under every form it can assume, it promises him exemp- tion from the tedium and disappointment of uncertainty in his investigations.

Experience has shown that multitudes of Hebrew students, after having overcome the first difficulties under the instruction of a living Teacher, abandon further study for lack of a Guide through the yet untrodden intricacies of the Language. Our aim has been to provide a permanent Instructor, to succeed the living Teacher in his function of solving the difficulties of the inquiring Student ; and we have endeavoured neither to mislead by imperfect information, nor to disappoint by suppressing the explanation of apparently trifling matters.

As an Analytical Lexicon, this work embraces especially the Etymology and Signifi- cation of Words.

The following summary will exhibit the mode of treatment adopted : —

The Etymology op Words.

I. The entire body of Words, contained in the Hebrew Scriptures, exactly as they are found in the Text, have been thrown into Alphabetical order ; so that each, accompanied by its

THE OBJECT AND PLAN.

prefixes, suffixes, and under every modification of form, may be immediately found by an alphabetical reference.

II. Each word thus arranged is concisely and fully parsed, its composition is explained, and its simple form and root given.

III. Whenever the form of the word analysed agrees with the Tables of Paradigms, a plain but

full statement of the nature of the word has been considered sufficient ; but where any peculiar difficulty or irregularity exists, reference has also been made to the section of the Grammatical Introduction in which the deviation is explained.

IV. To provide standards of inflexion and comparison, a complete series of Paradigms of the

Verbs, Pronouns, and Nouns, of both the Hebrew and Chaldee languages, has been prepared.

V. These Tables are accompanied with Explanations and Bemarks, which account for every deviation from the Tables, and comprise a collection of evert single exceptional CASE. In the body of the work, these Explanations are indicated by reference to their number.

VI. Every form that happens to occur but once in the Bible has its reference to the passage given at the foot of the page. To this we have attended in the minutest difference of the forms, in order to increase the references, so valuable to the begimier who has no Concordance. "When, however, the form is especially peculiar, more than one reference is given.

%* It is an interesting and important fact, that this collection of citations constitutes a Concordance of more than three-fourths of the forms of the Language.

VII. The place of the Accent is throughout indicated by a perpendicular line ( , ) under the tone- syllable, except when the form is affected by a pausal accent, where (\) is used to indicate the tone-syllable ; while the absence of pausal accent and influence are marked with (,).

VIII. Kamets Hhattuph (o) is distinguished from the long Kamets (a) by this sign (@). But this is used only in the forms analysed, in the leading forms of the derivatives under their respective roots, and in those forms where its use requires particular notice.

The Signification or Lexicography of Words.

IX. A full explanation of the various meanings of the words will be found under their respective Roots, in their alphabetical place.

THE OBJECT AND PLAN.

X. In preparing the Lexicography, Gesenius has been chiefly relied on for definitions ; but the works of Dr. Lee, Winer, Biesenthal, Flirst, and others, have been compared throughout.

XL In addition to the various significations of each root, a Synoptical List of all the words derived from each is given, to aid the student in remembering the connection between the root and its derivatives.

BENJAMIN DAVIDSON.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IN THE WORK.

abs. st.	absolute state	genit.	genitive	part.	participle
ace.	accent, accusative	gent.	gentile & gentilic	patronym.	patronymi
a. & act.	active	gutt.	guttural	perh.	perhaps
adj.	adjective	Hiph.	Hiphil	pers.	person
adv.	adverb	Hithpa.	Hithpael	Pi.	Piel
anom.	anomaly & anomalous	Hithpal.	Hithpalel	Pil.	Pilel
ap. & apoc.	apocopated Aphel	Hithpol.	Hithpolel	pi.	plural
Aph.	Hoph.	Hophal	Pol.	Polal & Polel
aphaer.	aphseresis	Hothp.	Hothpael	Polp	Polpal
Arab.	Arabic	i. q.	id quod	preced.	preceding
art.	article	id.	idem	pref.	prefix
bef.	before	imp.	imperative	prep.	preposition
c. & com.	common	impl.	implied infinitive	pret.	preterite
causat.	causative	inf. & infin.	prim.	primary
Ch.&Chald.	Chaldee	interrog.	interrogative	pr. n. m	proper name, mas-
coll.	collated	intrans.	intransitive		culine
collect.	collectively	irr. & irreg.	irregular	prob.	probably
comp.	compare	Ithpe.	Ithpeel	pron. demon, demonstrative pro-
compd.	compounded	Ishtaph.	Ishtaphal		noun
compos.	composition	K.	Keri	pron. relat.	relative pronoun
concr.	concrete	Kh. & Kheth	. Khethiv	prop.	properly
conj.	conjunction & con-	I.e.	loco citato	prosth.	prosthetic
	junctive	lab.	labial	Pu.	Pual
const.	construed	lett.	letter	Pul.	Pulal
constr.	construct	loc.	local	q. v.	quod vide
contr.	contracted	m. & masc.	masculine	E.	Root
conv.	conversive	Mak.	Makkeph	Seg. n.	Segolate noun
cop.	copulative	metaph.	metaphorically	Shaph.	Shaphel
d, & dee.	declension	meton.	metonymy & meto-	sc.	scilicet
Dag.	Dagesh		nymically	Sept.	Septuagint
def. & defect	. defective	monos.	monosyllable & mo-	suff.	suffix
demon.	demonstrative		nosyllabic	s. & sing.	singular
denom.	denominative	n. f. s.	noun, feminine, sin-	Talm.	Talmud
deriv.	derivative		gular	term.	termination
dist.	distinctive	n. m. s.	noun, masculine, sin-	Tiph.	Tiphal
du.	dual [tically.		gular	trop.	tropically
emph.	emphatic & empha-	n. m. p.	noun, masculine, plu-	ult.	ultimate
Eng. vers.	English version		ral	Yulg.	Yulgate
epenth.	epenthetic	Niph.	Mphal	§ & rem.	refers to the Paradigms
Ethiop.	Ethiopia	Nith.	Nithpael		and remarks at the
euph.	euphony	numb. card.	cardinal number		commencement of
f. & fem.	feminine	obsol.	obsolete		the work
f.	for	p. & pass.	passive	1 p., 2 p., 1	pers. & 2 pers., &c, 1st
foil.	following	Pa.	Pael		or 2nd person
fr.	from	Pal.	Palel	3 p. s. m.	3rd person singular
fut.	future	parad.	paradigm		masculine, &c.
gen.	gender	parag.	paragogic

a, *, or c, &c. after any word, refers to the passage at the foot of the page. ) , ) , ) , or J| , placed before any word indicates that such word occurs only with this : " T conjunction.

'), 'J, '), or '!), placed before any word indicates that such word occurs with and, without this conjunction. X This sign divides the explanation of the word's prefix from the analysis of the word itself. [ ] inclose forms which do not actually occur in the Scriptures.

TABLES OF PARADIGMS

OF

THE HEBREW LANGUAGE,

WITH

REMARKS AND OCCASIONAL EXPLANATIONS.

SECTION L— THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.

TABLE A. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.

SEPARATE PRONOUN.

Singular. 1. com. ^D3K, in pause]

*3«T

I

op.

pause nnx 1 /. rij$oriN,prop.

[ %)'mp.JjK

m. wn

/. *on

thou.

he. she.

Plural.

i. com. «naN oiam)

H)0

> we.

l/tp&njp* \y3'

[m. an, nan ,..» Tl..

VERBAL SUFFIX.

A.

Simple Form. »3; »3-; *3-

j|, in pause t|— 1

\ thee.

i, Vi ft- -in-/)

n; n-; n-

T ' IT ' T IV

•13 ; -li— j -13— (wos) ws.

"1

they.

(eos)

& U fa It;

^OW.

» ?Aem

B.

With 3 Epenthetic,

2fc

not found.

"S

not found.

not found.

NOMINAL SUFFIX.

A.

Suff.toNouns Singular.

7 my.

% in pause ^—

^t

thy.

•in, 1; -1.1-, i, .1 his.

H; J5!— ; PI— Aer.

T * |T ' T IV

•13; -13—; our.

IV

6

Dil; D- 1»-

IV ' IT » IT

to. ». t ^

yowr.

<A«V.

B.

To Nouns Plural

and Dual. »- my.

1*7

%.

n>- Aer.

•13*— our.

l,?;T

1,0'-

your.

- Meir.

10

THE VERBAL SUFFIX.

[Sect. II.

SECTION L— THE SEPARATE PRONOUN. (Table A).

REMARKS.

1 . First Person Singular.

*?3N is the ancient and full form, of which. *JK. is an abbreviation, and from the latter are formed the suffixes attached to nouns, verbs, &c.

2. Second Person Singular.

Instead of Dagesh forte in nm, %$ (pi. &$K), the kindred dialects have 3 before T\ (Chald. & Arab. fl|&?), which, however, is not the original form, but T) alone is the characteristic consonant*4

fiK without H occurs only in 1 Sa. 24. 19 ; Ps. 6. 4 ; Job 1.10; Ec. 7. 22 ; Ne. 9. 6 ; it is, however, in each place corrected in the Keri. The feminine form "m in Ju. 17.2; 1 Ki. 14.2; 2Ki. 4. 16,23; 8. 1; Je. 4. 30 ; Eze. 36. 13, was originally pronounced 'AN (with the feminine designation *t, probably from K*n sAe, properly ^ow she, comp. vPpl?) as in the Syriac and the vulgar Arabic. The pointing with Sheva is agreeably to the Keri $&?, because the Jewish critics, as it appears, did not recognise the form *&$. The same final * appears likewise in the unfrequent form of the suffix *?— , *?Vr.

3. 7%&W Person Singular.

The masculine WPI is of common gender in the Pentateuch, and signifies also she (which is expressed by ton only eleven times, viz., Ge. 14.2; 20.5; 38.25; Le. 2. 15; 11.39; 13. 10,21; 16.31 ; 21.9; Nu. 5. 13). The punctuators, however, either from want of appreciating such an idiom, or for the sake of distinction, whenever XI H stands in the text for ton, give it the appropriate pointing of this form, (X1H), and require it to be read fcOfl. It is, however,

to be sounded rather according to the old form K-1H. Besides the Pentateuch, XI H occurs also in 1 Ki. 17.15; Job 31. 11 ; Is. 30. 33.

4. First Person Plural.

•I^C^X is manifestly the plural of *?JK, with the exchange of 3 for n, as -1JX is of ^X. The form -13X, from which the suffixes (-12, -13—, -13— ) are derived, is found only in Je. 42. 6, Khethib. The Masorites, however, did not recognize so unusual a form, and instead of it put -I^K., which, indeed, some MSS. and editions have even as the reading of the text itself. Nevertheless, -WK. appears also in the Rab- binical. The abbreviated form -131^ is found only six times, viz., Ge. 42. 11 ; Ex. 16. 7, 8 ; Nu. 32. 32; 2Sa. 17. 12; La. 3. 42.

5. Second Person Plural.

DFltf & JfiX are blunted forms of B-lfiX (Arab, antum, Chald. PfiX, a form which lies at the foundation of some verbal inflexions, comp. the preterite with suffix), and |^X, the full final vowel giving place to the obtuse sound of e, somewhat in the manner of the third person (QD). \B$ is found only once, Eze. 34. 31 (where another reading is jflK) ; and H^H (for which some MSS. have also n|JW) occurs only in Ge. 31.6; Eze. 13. 11,20; 34.17.

6. Third Person Plural.

EH & ][} are got from X-1H and X*f1 in the same manner as Q^X from HJRX. The H— in both forms (H paragogic) has a demonstrative force.

SECTION II.— THE VERBAL SUFFIX, t (Table A).

REMARKS.

1 . First Person Singular Has this peculiarity, that the union vowel of the form *?— is invariably Pattah, though in an open syllable we expect Kamets, as in -13~, •1^~; but this

Kamets is found only in pause, e. g. Ex. 5. 22. For *)— , the full form W~ is found with the^^. in 1 Ki. 2. 24, Kheth. For *|t see Ps. 118. 18 ; Ge. 30. 6 ; with the Jut. Job 7. 14 ; 9. 34 ; »3- Je. 50. 44.

* Comp. Sansc. toa ; Egypt, entok, fern, ento ; ancient and modern Pers. tu ; Greek rv (en.') ; Germ, tu, du [Engl, thou], see Gesenius's Heb. Gram. § 33, note.

t Just as the separate suffixes stand for the nominative, so the inseparable, when appended to verbs, stand for the accu- sative, and but rarely for the dative, as with intransitive verbs. Particles having the force of a verb, or where the substantive verb must be supplied, take the verbal suffixes. As, ^IlH behold me! but on the contrary -IS.^NI he (is) not, •"13'1'iy he (is) yet, where the nominative is designated by the same suffix. The suffixes are but seldom employed with prepositions. Comp. § 3, note.

Sect. II. ]

THE VERBAL SUFFIX.

11

2. Second Person Singular.

The pausal form for the masculine, ^~ , commonly found with the verbs X\'h k K'/(? (Is. 30. 19; Je. 23. 37; Eze. 28. 15), is seldom attached to other verbs (Is. 55. 5 ; De. 28. 24, 45), but ^~ is the more usual form (Is. 43. 5 ; 44. 2 ; Ps. 30. 13) ; the reverse, however, obtains when appended to the particles.

Unfrequent forms are, H3 1 Ki. 18.44, and H3— Pr. 2. 11. ^KpKTpX Ho. 4. 6 is probably pointed incor- rectly for ^NDKftK, a Syriac form of the suffix, which occurs a few times in the Codex Sam. (Ge. 22. 26.)

The form 1\— for the feminine is unusual with the verb (Is. 54. 6), as is also «It when appended to the preterite, and "5J— , the tone being thrown back (Is. 47. 10, comp. Is. 60. 7). ^, *?t (as in the Syriac) are frequently found in the later Psalms, comp. Ps. 137. 6.

3. Third Person Singular.

The forms -13—, H3— occur frequently, and are most common in pause, comp. Ps. 65. 10 ; Job 5. 27; 41. 2. The two forms (viz., with and without epenth. J) are found in immediate succession in Is. 26. 5,

f™ ^ d?®P- n^W- he casts her down> casts her down to the earth. The first word ought, doubtless, to conclude the first hemistich, though the accents decide differently.

fi— is frequently written without Mappik, comp. H^prini Ex. 2. 3 ; rnp-in Ex. 9. 18 ; VNfW Amos 1.11 (the best mode of explaining the latter passage).

H3— is of common occurrence.

4. First Person Plural.

In Is. 85. 7, several MSS. and editions have W— instead of -13—.

For this suffix the Chaldee uses the form W. Some discover such a Chaldaismin PlJfcOjpJjl Ex. 1. 10, for WK^jpJn {she befalls us). But H3 here may be regarded as the afformative of the fut. 3 pers. pi. fern, agreeing with niortpD, which follows it, in a col-

lective sense (wars).* The Samaritan text indeed has such a Chaldaism in De. 32. 3, where nj*r&&6 stands for Wnl>&6, and in Nu. 16. 13.

5. Third Person Plural.

That the forms of IB belong exclusively to the poetical style, may be seen from the examples in Noldius, Concordd. Particul. ed. Tympe, pp. 438, 498, 563, 564. But comp. § 5. No. 2, note. In Ex. 15.5, occurs ^P2* with -1 which is found nowhere else. This is, however, the common form in the Ethiopic.

For the suffix | (fern.), B is frequently substituted (prob. to prevent its being mistaken for the para- gogic Nun), so that the distinction between masc. and fern, entirely ceases : e. g. D-1BHJJ1 and they drove them (the daughters) away, Ex. 2. 17; WlpN£! and they tied them (the kine), 1 Sa. 6. 10. Comp. Ge. 26.15; Nu. 17. 3,4; Jos. 4. 8; Ho. 2. 14; Pr.6.21. Just the reverse is found in the word PJ|)VT. Is. 48. 7, where I stands for D.

6. The tone invariably rests on the union vowel, or, in the absence of this, on the last syllable of the word. D3, \2 and DH, |H are excepted, and are therefore called grave, the others light suffixes.

7. The participles and infinitives may take either the verbal, or nominal suffixes. The participle is but slightly affected by their difference, as ^"gty he who created me, Job 32. 22, and WV my creator; *J*P Is. 47. 10, comp. Is. 28. 4. With the infinitive, however, they effect a change in the signification. JE. g. ^1% my calling, Ps. 141. 1, Hi?? my visiting, Je. 32. 5; but ^xjk to slay me, Ex. 2. 14, Wflf? to help me, 1 Ch. 12. 17. In the first examples, the suffix denotes the genitive, in the latter the accusa- tive. A single exception is found in Eze. 47. 7, *^tt#? in my returning, for O-lfe/'S.

* In the same manner may be explained in Job 17. 16, nJ^Pfi, as agreeing with '•H'1!?^ (collect, expectations) of the preceding verse; in Is. 28. 3, rOpEHFI, instead of agreeing with the subject rntDJJ, agrees with the instrumental D v.11 ; and so in Ju. 5. 26, T\\TOV}T\, agrees with the accusative KV (collect, her hands), comp. Ge. 27. 39 ; 31.8; Is. 18. 5, where the verb, instead of agreeing with the subject, agrees with the predicate. Moreover, T\]Ty2WT\ Ob. 13, may refer to the people addressed there, in the feminine. Hence several grammarians and commentators have been induced to observe, that the plural form of the future, rtt?bj?fi, frequently stands for the singular ?bj?]j), which, indeed, suits well the several passages,

12

SUFFIXES TO THE NOUN.

[Sect. IV.

SECTION III.— SUFFIXES TO THE NOUN IN THE SINGULAR* (Table A).

REMARKS.

1 . When the First Person V is to be appended to a noun terminating in *t, one Yod is dropped, as ?ia my people, Zep. 2. 9, for "U .

*— has the tone, which it loses when the word fol- lowing is either monosyllabic, or dissyllabic, having the tone on the first syllable (Milel) ; e. g. $$ ^m (thou art my sister) Ge. 12. 13; HW ^nb| Jos. 14. 119 comp. Ge. 20. 2, 5; 26.7,9; 49.3; Je. 2.27; 31.9; 2 Sa. 23. 17; Job 19. 25; 20.2; Ps. 140. 7.

2. Second Person /Singular.

Unfrequent forms : masc. HDS3 (thy hand) Ps. 139. 5, rD)n (thy host) Ps. 10. 14, but see the analysis of this form in the alphabetical order. Fern. ^~ Eze. 5. 12 ; ^7 (like the suffix of the verb) for 5Jt, Eze. 23. 28 ; ^~ Je. 11.15; Ps. 103. 3.

3. Third Person Singular.

The form rt for 1 seems to belong to an older orthography. It is generally corrected in the Keri, as in Ge. 49. 11 (twice) ; Ex. 22. 26; Le. 23. 13; 2 Ki. 19. 23; 20. 13; but is not corrected in Je. 2. 21 ; Eze. 20. 40.

Fl— is also found without Mappik, as in Nu. 15. 28 (Job 31. 22): so that even N— is substituted for it in Eze. 36. 5, ^ b'HK (Edom, the whole of her)

for nb.

The forms -in— and n-7 are usually attached to nouns ending in H— , e. g. nK*}£ (sight) — •I^^IO,

nsoD; nnfc> (field)—' mb; nbv "(leaf) — -inby ; "and

so with $n, V_!$ for Hjn, njpD (friend). With other words they are seldom used, as -in^D? Ge. 1. 12, comp. Ju. 19. 24 ; Na. 1. 13 ; Job 25. 3.

4. First Person Plural.

The form ft— (like the suff. of the verb) instead of ft—, must be regarded as an exception, as Job 22. 20 ; Ru. 3. 2, comp. No. 2.

5. Second and Third Person Plural.

Anomalous and unfrequent forms are : 2 pers. rtij Eze. 23. 48 (comp. Eze. 13. 20) ; 3 pers. masc DH- 2 Sa. 23. 6, for DPI- (whence contr. U-) ; fern. Wt)—- 1 Ki. 7. 37; HJ- e. g. HJ^D Ge. 42. 36; Pr. 31. 29; n3K3 Ru. 1. 19 ; Je. 8. 7 ; nttT^ Job 39. 2 ; rmif Ge. 21. 29; H|7 Ge. 41. 21 ; |H and ft e. g. jH^D Eze. 13. 17, IDriSIs. 3.1

SECTION IV.— SUFFIXES TO THE NOUN IN THE PLURAL. (Table A).

REMARKS.

1. The * which distinguishes these suffixes, is

occasionally omitted in most of the persons ; e. g.

livrl (similar to the pausal form of the singular) for

Tffl thy ways, Ex. 33. 13 ; Ps. 119. 37; Jos. 1. 8;

■injn "for -irpjn his friends, Job 42. 10 ; 1 Sa. 30. 26 ;

W#£ for inngfc his felicities, Pr. 29. 18 ; jH^n ^y /a*,' Ge.4.4; brtfil #^r na/fofw, Ge. 10. 5; DH^pV

a/fer tfAeiV hinds, Ge. 1.21; IDi??r their hearts, Na.

2. 8. This is most frequent in suffixes of the 3 pers.

' ing. masc, V~, which is very often, and in all the opies alike, written 1~, but the Keri almost always ubstitutes the common form V— . The word 1"!JD! together, properly his unions) is alone excepted, in

which the Keri has made no change, probably because

1~ was not regarded as a suffix. I^Dl occurs only

in Je. 46. 12,21 ; 49. 3.

2. Although *~, or the * prefixed to these suffixes, is, doubtless, originally the plural termination of the masculine, they are yet regularly attached to the feminine plural T\S also ; as *T\)7\\> my voices, THvlp' thy voices. It is hence to be regarded as an exception, when these suffixes are occasionally found appended to T\) without this * . As, *fnjj my testimonies, Ps. 132. 12 ; ^3£ thy strokes, De. 28. 59 ; WW thy sisters, Ex. 16. 52; DHUN their fathers, Ex. 4, 5; DriiniX their signs, Ps. 74. 4 ; DrnatfJ? their pains, Ps. 16. 4 ; Dnnjf *A«r distresses, Ps. 34. 18.

3. These suffixes with * are found, on the other hand, also with forms of the singular; as, TOf'"?? thy praise, Ps. 9. 15 ; T$N# thy hatred, Eze. 35. 11 ; TO'tt? % building, Eze. 16. 31 ; D^D'H-jn yowr dis-

* The suffixes appended to the noun properly stand for the genitive, as 'D-1D the horse of me, i. e. my horse. The pre- positions, being originally substantives, take likewise these suffixes with a few exceptions (as ^FUjlF), *3UJ3) comp. § 2, note.

Sect. V.]

SUFFIXES ATTACHED TO THE PREFIX PREPOSITIONS, ETC.

13

persion, Eze. 6. 8. To these may be added VH^tpq Le. 5. 24, as it has, at least, the signification of the singular, his Jifth part.

4. Second Person Singular.

Yod in T.T is furtive (like that in IV3 for TO), and the original form ^— is found in the Syriac and Chaldee. The feminine in these dialects is ..o.y . *??T, and so it is likewise in the Hebrew, by a Syriacism, as in Ps. 103.3,4,5; 116.7, and in Kheth. 2 Ki. 4. 3, 7. y~ Ec. 10. 17, is formed in imitation of the singular ^T. The suffix in !"D3KpB (her mes- sengers) Nah. 2. 14, can hardly be accounted for; other codices read i"lD— and ^5t.

5. Third Person Singular.

The poetic 'in*— is formed in imitation of the sin- gular -in- e. g. Job 24. 23 ; Na. 2. 4.— *ni in ^A-I^n Ps. 116. 12, is strictly a Chaldee form. For W- is found ^vT m Eze. 41.15, comp. Chald. KH— ^er. Here we meet, finally, with an epenthetic 3, viz. in H^.tVD Is. 23. 11, for IT^D her fortresses.

6. For the poetic form 1»*— comp. De. 32. 37 ; Job 20.23; 22.2; 27.23; Ps. 11.7. Some of the older grammarians^ observe, that this form stands occa- sionally also for the singular. Kimchi (incorrectly) assigns as a reason, that this form exhibits both cha- racteristics of the plural and of the singular. But though it cannot be denied that in the passages cited above (De. 32. 37 excepted) this suffix has reference to nouns singular, nevertheless, those nouns being collectives, do not lose their plural signification. Another instance is in Ps. 11. 7, where 10\3B as re- ferring to nin* may be regarded as a Pluralis majes- tatis. But were this form even to be admitted as strictly a singular, e. g. in Ps. 11.7, we should then have to suppose it a misuse arising from its frequent occurrence in connection with collective. nouns. The passages (Lu. 2. 4; Jo. 19. 27; Ac. 1. 20, from the Ethiopic version) cited by Lud. de Dieu (Crit. Sacra, p. 226, on Is. 53. 6), seem at all events to prove, that the suffix -Itti, answering to the Hebrew ^"~, does in the Ethiopic stand for the singular.f

Other unfrequent forms are, ""IDr^— Eze. 40. 16, rurVr Eze. 1. 11 ; n»9>- Eze. 13. 20.

SECTION V.

Suffixes attached to the Prefix Prepositions ? and 3, the Conjunction 3, ftK (Sign of the Accusative) and the Prepositions |£ and D^.J

(a) ? to, sign of the dative.

Plur. Sing. Plur

t$ . .

nrb, poet. Szh

1. c.

2

1 to

to me.

thee.

i • ■

rp, in pause "SJ?

$ • • "

r?, ()U? comp. r. 2) to him. pP to her.

to us. to you.

to them.

(6) | in Sing. *3 .in me.

W in P. t|3

w •

13 . .in him

F13 . in Aer.

in thee.

•133

IT

D33

D33 "J m

J you.

D3 ■) iw

|H3, |H3 J them'

I IV T ' '!•• T ■*

*J1»3

(c) 3 as (for which also IDS, 1D3).

Sing.

'{: !!:} •

m.-im»3

f. nios

as 7.

as Mow.

as he. as she.

Plur.

•131JD3 . . as we.

D33 seldom D31D3") ' " T ' ' * Y as ye.

&H3 DH3, DfTlDS ") '• T ' T '' '• > as they.

(d) DX (sign of the accusative).

Sing.

*nfc, »TliN . me.

in'X . . him.

rJTl'K . Aer.

Plur.

•una ms.

D3DX T

ID*

them.

* Kimchii Michlol, fol. 266, comp. 1' Empereur on M. Kimchii, dSotn-opia, p. 243; Noldii Concordd. Partic. pp. 904, 916. t We have given this remark of Gesenius in full, chiefly on account of his admission with regard to the use of this suffix in the Ethiopic, which is important, and may assist in the explanation of the form 'lDj> in the following §, rem. 2. X We exhibit these in particular, because of some peculiar forms they take when connected with the suffixes.

14

SUFFIXES ATTACHED TO THE PREFIX PREPOSITIONS, ETC. [Sect. V.

(e) |J0 from (for which also j?0J0, properly, a part) ,

Sins.

1. c. »3£», poet. *aO, \|0 /rom me.

m. ^IJOJO, in pause "HJOJO ") „

'•'"• t from thee.

Cm. yjou, in pause J]sp "}

Jm. J|3DD,

jf. nuiojo

poet, -irOJO, -inSJO /rom Aim. /rom her.

Plur. 030") DHp, poet. DflJD

rgjo |

/rom ms. from you.

from them.

Sing.

"•pV . . with me.

'rpV, in p. 'mi)

i' :■' r 'it* I with thee

W ■ J

\\2>V . wi*A him.

IT •

(/) E# to«A.

P£wr. ■I^V «»M us.

J vow.

M;i£A. Aer

REMARKS.

I. On the Sueeixes with ?.

1. Instead of 'v the form fci? is found several times (according to the Masora on Nu. chap. 11, 21 times) in Kheth., e.g. Ex. 21. 8; Le. 11. 21; 1 Sa. 2. 3, &c.

2. As regards the form "18/ , grammarians main- tain that it is also a singular, i. q. 17, because it often agrees with nouns singular. Those singulars, how- ever, are all collectives, and can therefore not serve as a proof. The examples are, Ge. 9.26 (where it refers to b$, i. e. the descendants of Shem) ; Ps. 28. 8 (where it refers to the people of ver. 9, and hence some copies read }®U?) ; Ps. 73. 10 (also in reference to BJ?) ; Is. 44. 15 (in reference to /&$ and ?D3, which may likewise be taken in a collective sense) ; and finally Is. 53. 8. Though the subject of this

last chapter is throughout given in the singular, yet the change to the plural form in ver. 8 is fully ac- counted for, when the servant of God (chap. 51. 13, like 42. 1, and 49. 3, 6) is considered to stand col- lectively for the prophets, which to me seems quite evident. Some copies have in Is. 44. 15 and 53. 8, V?, which is an exegetical gloss. (Gesenius.)*'

3. Unfrequent forms are : — 2 pers. masc. n3? Ge. 27. 37 ; 2 pers. pi. fern. HJjJ Eze. 13. 18 (gb ' does not occur at all). \\0 Ru. 1.13, is different fromlQ?, and signifies therefore, as in the Chaldee.

II. On the Sueeixes with HK.

4. The forms in the paradigm are the usual ones ; unfrequent forms are : — 2pers.masc. ""I?p^ (in pause) Ex. 29. 35, D?niK Jos. 23. 15, Dn?K Ge. 32. 1, Dn^K Eze. 23. 45 ; fern. fnniK Eze. 23. 47, Pltfn« Ex. 35. 26.

5.

III. On the Suffixes with \0. '3D (from me) must not be confounded with

*3K> where * is paragogic.

6. -laiffc from him (for WJBD), and MlgD from us (for -I^JOJO) can only be distinguished by the context.

7. The pronouns HDn and n$n often retain their full form after the prepositions, as, HfcnS Ex. 36. 1 ; Hab. 1.16; n£ri3 Je. 36. 32 ; niprb Je. 14. 16; nJOnJO Ec. 12. 12; Je. 10. 2; fern. n|H| Le. 5. 22; Nu. 13. 19 ; n|03 Ge. 41. 19 ; T^rf> Eze. 1. 5, 23 ; 42. 9: nana Le. 4. 2.

* But if there were even no other passage to establish the use of )u? in the singular, the passages Is. 53. 8, and 44. 15 alone might have been sufficient for this purpose : the former, where throughout the chapter only the singular appears; and the latter, where the plural does not at all suit the sense, and the writer himself explains it in the same connection by 'l? in ver. 17. Comp. Hengstenberg's « Christology of the Old Testament," p. 523 of Prof. Keith's translation. In con- firmation of this we may add the facts, that some copies do really read r? instead of )u7 in both passages, and that the form -T701 in the Ethiopic, answering to the Hebrew ITO1*— , is used in that version for the singular, as Gesenius himself admits (comp. § 5. rem. 6). When we, moreover, consider that this poetic syllable, which never receives the tone as a suffix, almost everywhere occurs in pause, or, which amounts to the same thing, stands with a word preceding the pause (comp. De. 32.27; Ps. 11.7; Job 20. 23; and Lehrgeb. § 52, 4 anm. 1 in reference to Jos. 3.9; De. 32. 37, comp. Is. 21. 14; Ps. 4. 3, comp. also below, § 24. rem. 5), its specific use, in the poetical books, appears to be, that it takes the place of other forms, which must necessarily have the tone upon the ultimate, to suit the pause, the tendency of which is to throw the tone back upon the penultimate. Thus )u? which occurs 55 times, is everywhere in pause, except three times (Ps. 66. 7; 119. 165 ; Job 24. 17) before the word in pause, most probably for Oil? or r?, which, the former with grave suffix and the latter as a monosyllable, never can change the tone. Nor is it improbable that the JO of 1J0? in the singular is merely epenthetic, as in *3*1D|, comp. the poetical forms 1J03, 1J03, "ID?, as independent words formed from the prefixes 3, 3, ? , and the syllable 1J0.

Sect. VI.]

THE VERB.

15

			TABLE B.	REGULAR VERB.
	KAL.		NIPHAL.	PIEL.	PUAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.	HITHPAEL.
Pret. 3. m.	^K	> ^33	tep?	tep	^PP	^ppn	^PPO	tepOD
3./.	nteg	n*l33	ntep?	it : ••	it : i%.	n^ppn	ntepn	ntepnn
2. m.	nteg	m33	$tep?	fitep	^PP	fitepn	ri^Df?n	J?tepnD
2./.	fltei?	nnna	fitep?	ntep	fitep	fitepn	ritepn	^itepnn
1. c.	^tei?	*JFP!3}	'fitep?	'fitep	'fitep	'fitepn	*^tepn	*ntepnn
Plur. 3. c.	*teg	•1133	•itep?	•itep	•itep	•iSnspn	•itepn i : ': t	•itepn n
2. m.	BJ)tep	Drnna	DjF)^{?i	Dntep	D£>tep	^Step?	Dfttepn iv : - ' : t	nntepnn
2./.	Ifitep	1,615?	jptep?	ffttep	ijDtep	ffitepn	IgtepU	Ifitepnn
1. c	«Sw	w™	•tttep?	•utep : r '•	•utep	•utepn	•i^ppn	• -litepnn
Inf. a&soZ.	i?top		bbp3, tepn	tep	teg	^pi?n
consfr*.	^i?		^n	tep	tep	^PPD	tepn	tepnn
Imp. m.	tep	133	tegfl	tep		tep5		^nn
/•	'tep	H33	$Pgn	'tep		^*»ppn		*tepnn
P/wr. m.	■itep	ni?	•ite?n	■itep	wanting	•i^ppn	wanting	■itepnn
/•	njtep	nms	n^tepn t: i" 't •	njtep		ratepfi	#	rutepnn
Fut. 3. m.	tep!	n33^	tei?.	tep*	tep!	^PP!	tep*T	tep^!
3./.	tepfl	*i33n	tepn	tep*	tep*	^pi?5	tep*	tepn^
2. m.	tepn	n33n	te^n	tepfl	tepn	^ppn	tepn	tep^>6
2./.	'tepfl	n33n	'teilfl	'tepfi	'tepfl	^'ppn	*)pp^	'tepnn
1. c.	teps	123K	teg*?	tep«	tepS	^'PPS	tepa	tepnx
Plur. 3. m.	•iVpp*.	•n33,»	•lte|£	by&l	step!	•l^PP!	■itep> i : ':t	•itepO!
3./.	rutepn	n^33n	rutepn	i^tep^	rotepn	^J?l?5	rotean t: i- ': t	njtepnn
2. m.	•itepn	•rasn	•ite&fi	•itepJ?	•itepn	•i^ppn	•itepn	•itepnn
2./.	njtepn	nnssn	rutepn t: i" 't •	n^tepfi	natepjn t : i-'\:	^tepfi	n:tepn t: r '• t	n^tepnn t : i" •- : •
1. c.	tep?	I3??	ty®	*¥&}	^PPJ	^Pi?J	tepJ	tep^P
Fut. apoc.						^PP-
Part. acf.	i>pp		^	tepp	tepp	^PPP	tep»	teprip
pass.	^W

SECTION VI— UNUSUAL CONJUGATIONS.

Besides the five usual forms of conjugation ex- hibited in the preceding paradigm (viz. Kal, Niphal, Piel and Pual, Hiphil and Hophal, Hithpael), there are other unusual forms, which, although they occur but seldom in the regular verb, are, nevertheless,

usual in certain classes of the irregular verb. Of the latter conjugations some are connected in form with Piel, and are made by the doubling or repetition of one or more radical letters, or by the insertion of a long vowel, i. e. by changes within the root itself ;

16

UNUSUAL CONJUGATIONS.

[Sect. VI.

others are analogous to Hiphil, and are formed by the addition of prefix letters or syllables. To the former class, besides a Passive distinguished by the more obscure vowels in the final syllable, belongs also a reflective form with the prefix ^H after the analogy of Hithpael.

Those which are analogous to Piel, and which follow it in their inflexion are : —

1. Poel; as hu)\), reflexive ^'"IpJ^n, fut. hti\\>\, part. 7ftipD, fut. pass. /t?ip*. In the regular verb it occurs very seldom. Examples are : — ^tpSE'P my judge, Job 9. 15 ; VflJtTP* ? have appointed, 1 Sa. 21.3; WW to take root, Is. 40. 24, denom. from VH$ root. In verbs V"V it is far more frequent; e. g. Z?in, 2?iD, ]y\ll. Its signification is mostly analogous to Piel.

2. Pilel, Pulal, Hithpalel ; as 7?t?p and 7/Pp, pass. ??t?p, reflexive ??ppnn (the last radical letter being repeated). In the regular verb, the following are the only examples :— 77B3 Eze. 28. 23, i. q. 7&3 to fall ; ^nriEV it has consumed me, Ps. 119. 139, ^•inntpV Ps. 88. 17, which probably is to be read ^flljlDV* (from HIP'S) they consume me (Dagesh in both in- stances is euphonic) ; with guttural |3K£? to be at rest, }3JJH to be green ; pass. s?l?R to be withered. It is more frequent in verbs )"]), where it takes the place of Piel and Hithpael.

3. Pealal, as ?E?t3p (the two last letters being re- peated) used especially of slight motions repeated in quick succession ; e. g. "l£nnp to go about with quick motion, hence of the heart, to beat quick, to palpitate, Ps. 38. 11, from "IIID to go about; pass. (Poalal) ip^pn to ferment with violence, to make a rumbling sound, La. 1. 20.

4. Pilpel, formed from a biliteral root by doubling both radical letters, as SID, 1D3D ; S-13, ^!?3. This

also is used of motion rapidly repeated, e. g. ?|V5¥ to chirp, ?¥/¥ to tinkle, 1X1% to gargle, $]JJQV to flutter (from S|-iy to fly) ; reflex. 73 /Jinn to roll oneself down.

With Hiph. are connected : —

5. Tiphel, as ?QpFi, with fi prefixed ; e. g. ?i")n to teach one to walk, to lead, denom. from ?#JTJ a foot ; milFI, fut. rnnn* to emulate, Je. 12. 5 ; 22. 15 (from PHI! to be ardent, eager).

6. Shaphel, as^DpB* frequent in the Syriac; e. g. 2 rife to burn, from 3 PI?. In the Hebrew it is found only in the noun flirt ?K> flame.

Forms of which single examples occur : — ■

7. ttbpp, pass. P?tpp ; as DBpnp scaled off, having the form of scales, Ex. 16. 14, from Pjpn=^^n to peelt to scale.

8. ?PPp, as fc|*nt Ps. 72. 6, a violent rain, from tjlt.

9. ?tDpPi| (the two first letters repeated) a passive, only ty&il thou art fair, Ps.45. 3, from HB\

10. /$prj|l (frequent in the Rabbinic) a form com- pounded of Niph. and Hiph., found in the examples •1"lp|l!l for •'HpirO they permit themselves to be ad- monished, Eze. 23. 48; 1B33 De. 21. 8; nin^3 Pr.27. 15.f

11. S>bitDp, in itftfCl to blow the trumpet, from "Tglj, The participle DnixPID occurs 1 Ch. 15. 24 ; 2 Ch. 5. 13 ; 7.6; 13. 14 ; 29. 28 in Kheth., and is doubt- less to be read DHV^Dfr ; but the Keri invariably rejects one V, pointing it either as Hiph. or Piel,

Dnsn» or DnsriD.

* The supposition that -IDri stands for -inn may be founded upon the principle, that the feeble subordinate sound of vocal Sheva often conforms to the following proper vowel of the syllable, e. g. DID, LXX SoSoju., Sodom ; !"lb?K> 2oA.o;hc6j/, Solomon (Lehrg. § 14. Gram. § 10. 2).

t The form -vfcO} La. 4. 14, is supposed to be likewise a compound, viz. of Niph. and Pual OPNUJ and -1^3), in which form Gesenius discovers a passive of Niphal. Passives of Hithpael are: -llpSsrin for -HpSrin, Nu. 1.47 ; 2.33; N^tSH for KEttJin, De. 24. 4 ; DMH Le. 13. 55, 56 ; jghn Is. 34. 6. Lehrg. § 71. 4.

Sect. VIII.]

REGULAR VERB— KAL.

17

SECTION VII.— QUADRILITEEALS.

The few verbs of this kind are formed after the analogy of Piel. The following are all the examples which occur : —

Pret. !Bh3 he spread out, Job 26. 9 (with Pattahh under

the first syllable, as in the Chaldee). Fut. n3pp"inl'> he will devour it, Ps. 80. 14. Pass. E^SDT to become green, Job 33. 25. Part. b3"OD girded, 1 Ch. 15. 27.

SECTION VIIL— REGULAR VERB. (Table B.)

REMARKS.

I. On the Preterite oe Kal.

1. The verbs of middle 0 (as |E£)* retain this Hholem in the 2nd and 1st persons, as ^7^1 lam able, Ge. 30. 8 ; Ju. 8. 3 ; Ps. 40. 13 ; £*$, VHJJ thou wast, I was, afraid, De. 28. 60 ; 9. 19 ; ^b£ / am small, Ge. 32. 11 ; W|^ / lay snares, Je. 50. 24. This and the usual form {middle A) are found together in Ge. 43. 14, *{0B? tffcbj? Tg>g3 as I am bereaved, I am bereaved. In those cases, however, where (according to rem. 7) the tone is shifted to the ultimate, viz. in the 2nd pers. pi., before suffixes, and Vav conversive of the preterite, Hholem is shortened to Kamets Hhatuph ; as £??$ and thou shall be able, Ex. 18. 23, ^!Ps.l3.5.'

The verbs middle JE generally lose the sound (<>) in their inflexion, e. g. fS>n, n?£n (like ^i?, %%$), and this original vowel appears again only : —

(a) in the 3 pers. sing, and pi. standing in pause, as -Vl?! they are strong, 2 Sa. 1. 23 ; nj5Q'!T she cleaves, Job 29. 10 ; •Ipl'l Job 41. 15. Several verbs, properly middle E, have Pattahh in the 3 pers. when not in pause, and the E sound appears again only in pause; e. g. T3j, pn% comp. \W Ex. 40. 35 ; Jos. 22. 19, in pause fef De. 33. 12, 20 ; Ju. 5. 17 (comp. in Piel ?1II, in pause ?l!l).t

(b) In forms with the tone on the ultimate, in which case <-..-, is shortened into Cv) or ( . }, as, &£>?^ ye have ashed, 1 Sa. 12. 13 ; 25. 5 ; Dfljh*1 and thou shall succeed them in possession, De. 19. 1 ; BJjfePTI De. 30. 5 ; TJT]^. I have begotten thee, Ps. 2. 7 ;

Vth*f 1 Sa. 1.20, •liTflW JU. 13. 6, comp. Je. 2.27; 15.10; Nu. 11. 12; Jos." 1.15. +

2. In some instances the 3 pers. has (t) in the second syllable, although not in pause ; as, £££> he judged, 1 Sa. 7. 17, fy| he robbed, Eze. 18. 12,§^ he erred, Le. 5. 18.

3. Third Person Feminine. H— , the usual form in the Syriac and Arabic, is some times used also in the Hebrew ; as, rb]K De. 32. 36. Another Aramaic termination is K~ in Eze. 31. 5.

An example with euphonic Dagesh, in pause, is T\T\m (for rmpj) she dries up, Is. 41. 17.

4. Third Person Plural. The form N-1 (with parag. K), usual in the Arabic, is found in the Hebrew ; as \^h\\ Jos. 10. 24.

It is but seldom that parag. \ is appended to the preterite; as, PJHJ De. 8. 3, 16. Examples with euphonic Dagesh, in pause, are : — -1?^n Ju. 5. 7 ; 1 Sa. 2. 5 (where, however, MSS. vary) ; Mf»j Eze. 27. 19.

5. Second Person Singular. Besides the common form ft for the masculine, the full form nri also occurs ; e. g. nP1132 Mai. 2. 14, nJMgt Jos. 13. 1.

2 pers. fern. As was observed above (§ 1. rem. 2), that besides the pronoun £)&?, there occurs another form *flK in Kheth., so it should be remembered in this afFormative derived from it, there occurs, besides n, also the form *? in Kheth., e. g. ^hn Je. 31. 21,

* The common form of the 3 pers. pret. has, in the final syllable of the ground-form, either A (Pattahh), E (Tseri pure), or O (Hholem pure), — as IJ^D to reign, f^T] to be sour, pb*1 to be able, — which are found likewise in the irregular verb, e. g. T\"0 (for HUD) to die, lix (for 11K) fo 6e Kg-M, ftr^g-M. For the sake of brevity, these are called, after the example of the Arabic grammarians, verbs middle A, middle E, and middle O. The two latter are usual in intransitive verbs, e. g. }j?,T to be old, |bj? to be small (Lehrg. § 66. 3).

t It is better, however, to view these as two different forms of the same verb, comp. the Lexicon.

+ This shortening, however, into , & may properly be from Pattahh, occasioned by the removal of the tone to the next following syllable, comp. DDT for D3T, )1D for HD from ID, comp. especially §11. rem. 1 ; so that there is no need to suppose here a ground-form middle E,' as h$$, G5H\ ^\

§ Nevertheless, Zakeph-katon may in this instance have the force of a pausal accent.

18

REGULAR VERB— KAL

comp. Eze. 16. 13, which is to be read *H??H. In such instances the Keri has the note '* "VJV (abundat *), and in thus rejecting * the vowel points are suited accordingly.

6. Second Person Plural Feminine. Instead of ffi, the form nJJjl is used in Am. 4. 3, corresponding to a similar form of the pronoun, § 1. rem. 5.

7. In combination with the afformatives 5, *fi, '13 the tone is on the penultima, and the word is said to be Milel (above), but with the other afformatives the tone is on the ultimate, and the word is said to be Milra (below). The tone, however, is shifted, [a) by conversive Vav of the preterite from the penultima to the ultimate (comp. § 18. rem. 1), e. g. ^HP^ and thou shall visit, Job 5. 24, WpS-l Ex. 32. 34, except in pause, comp. however, De. 8. 6 ; (b) by the suffixes, comp. the table of the verb with suffixes ; (c) by the pause in-several of the persons from the ultimate to the penultima, where the original vowel, if it has fallen away, is likewise restored, as njjpjj, ™l?j ^V?*? j $f{?5» &c. ; the tone, however, remains fixed with the grave afformatives, as ^tap.

II. On the Infinitive oe Kal.

8. There is but one form for the inf. abs. which is ?M3j5 (with Hholem impure). The Hholem is found written either in full, or defectively (tag) ; the former, however, is the original.

9. For the inf. constr. the usual form is tap (with Hholem pure), besides which there is also an unusual form tap, as 11$ to lie down, Ge. 34. 7; 2 Ki. 14. 22; %f to be humbled, Pr. 16. 19 ; Ec. 12. 4. That they are strictly Segolate forms is seen from their inflexion (vPi?, *??^), which perfectly agrees with the declen- sion of the Segolates (tap or tap ; tap or tap, tap.) comp. § 35. rem. 10.

10. The various infinitive forms, which occur as verbal nouns, will be enumerated farther on (§ 26). Here belong only such as are really construed as in- finitives. They are : —

(a) ntag, ntap and i"ltap, as feminine forms from tap, tap ; e. g. nnib to be lifted up, Zep. 3.-11 ; HXftD? to become unclean, Le. 15. 32; i"ltar6 to

[Sect. VIII.

have compassion, Eze. 16. 5; Hn^D? to anoint, Ex. 29. 29 ; n^m? to wash, Ex. 30. 18 ; n3"lp^ to draw near, Ex. 3G. 2 ; fi&Op?, instead of which by Syriasm, JlfcOpb1 to meet (i. e. against). Moreover, HK"^ to /ear, De. 4. 10, and TXtiZW to hate, De. 1. 27, occur construed as infinitives, but are besides, more usually verbal nouns. Forms like !"!E>£>X, T\\>}V\, are pro- duced by the effect of the gutturals.

(b) With a preformative ft, as in the Syriac and Chaldee, as BHJD to drive, Eze. 36. 5 ; K^ptS to convoke, Nu. 10. 2; so likewise in some verbs of J" 2, as fcS'&'D for

T -

KSMD *o ca7Ti/, Nu. 4.24; ySD to remove, De. 10. 11*

(c) Other examples are VW Hab. 3. 13, ttSX Ex. 28. 8, which may, however, be regarded as verbal nouns*

(d) WVyi Ezr. 10. 16, for 65>Tl is quite anomalous. (Gesenius, in his Thesaurus, is inclined to regard it as an inf. Piel, for WW, comp. -1^1 Pr. 26. 7, for if?%)

III. On the Imperative oe Kal.

1 1 . The verbs which have A in the second syllable of the future retain the same also in the imperative ; as llf lie dozen, 2 Sa. 13. 5 ; Eze. 4. 4 ; &J? put on, 1 Ki. 22. 30 ; Q_V be peaceable, Job 22. 20.

With parag. H— the form tap becomes n/^P, the form tap becomes ntap ; as, i"np^ watch over (from 1»f ) ps'. 25. 20, rript remember (from 13?) 2 Ch. 6. 42 ; T\ttW &. (/ora, Ge. 39. 12, nnpft 5e#, Ge. 25. 31, fTTCJ (with euphonic Dagesh) from "^ for "ft| ^, Ps. 141. 3.f

12. The form yPP, -"tap is more directly derived from tap than tap, and is chiefly found with im- peratives of the first form, e. g. Tf7, *??£*, though also with those of the latter form. The form VPiJ, however, is comparatively unfrequent ; as, *?ta reign, Ju. 9. 10, 12; ^ re?Mce, Zep. 3. 14; ♦rng make bald, Mi. 1. 16 ; 'fcfQ draw, Eze. 32. 20 (but also ttK^O Ex. 12. 21) ; with composite Sheva, *ODi? wse enchantment, 1 Sa. 28. 8, Keri. Segol is found only with gutturals (§13. rem. 3).

In pause the long O or A returns again ; as, -Ittbip judge ye, Zee. 7. 9. Such forms, however, are found also without pause, as Da. 9. 19, with which the fol- lowing may be classed : iTJJPI. HDI^2 — nT3") tremble — strip thyself and make thee bare, Is. 32. 11, and according to some, also rnurj {gird thyself} which immediately follows in this passage.

* The infinitives of b and c, on account of their small number, must, in the Lexicon, be sought for among the nouns. t The lengthened imperative or imp. parag. is, as may be seen from a comparison of the references given above, expressive of wish and entreaty ; and is often emphatic, as Dip stand up, Dftlp up! (comp. rem. 13, and §11. rem. 5).

Sect. VIII.]

REGULAR VERB— KAL.

19

In some instances Hholem has been retained in the inflexion according to Kheth. ; as HSII^ try, Ps. 26. 2, rDV?D reign, Ju. 9. 8, *D1Dp use enchantment, 1 Sa. 28. 8, where the Keri has invariably cancelled 1.

IV. On the Future of Kal.

13. The Hholem in the second syllable of the future is almost exclusively confined to the transitive verbs (middle A) ; while the verbs middle E and O (?££, ?b{3) have regularly Pattahh in the future ; e. g. ^1|, fut. b"3J» to be great, 123, fut. 13?* to be honoured; |bj3, fut. ]W\ to be small, hbW, fut. bf! to be childless. In several verbs, however, this dif- ference of form exists only in the future, so that the future 0 stands for the transitive, and the future A for the intransitive signification ; as "TO to cat off, to reap (Le. 25. 5 ; De. 24. 19, &c), future A, to be cut, i. e. to be short (Ju. 10. 16 ; 16. 16) ; Bnn, future 0, to cat, to plough, future A, to be dumb, (properly, to be blunted)', £^?n, future 0, to subdue, Ex. 17. 13, future A, to be subdued, Job 14. 10 ; DIJ to overlay, cover, fut. A intrans. ver. 8. In a few instances the difference in the signification is of another character; e. g. "IT 5* he shall cut (eat), Is. 9. 19, ^\ trop. he shall decide, Job 22. 28 ; ^?n fut. 0, to saddle, fut. A and O, to bind up, Job 5. 18; Eze. 34. 16; 3ny fut. 0, to be surety for, 31.V f^t. A, to be sweet.

Very frequently both occur without any difference of signification; as T&f\ (Le. 26. 35) and T\2f\ (ver. 34) he shall rest; *n&, future 0 (Ps. 7. 3 ; Ho. 5. 14), and future A (Ge. 49. 27), to tear; VU fut. O (Nu. 6. 21 ; De. 12. 17, &c), and fut. A (Ge. 28. 20, &c), to vow; "S|B>3 fut. 0, Ec. 10. 11, and fut. A, Pr. 23. 22, to bite ; 131 fat O, Mai. 2. 15, fut. A, ver. 10, to be treacherous.

With parag. H, the form ?bj?£ becomes "™i?^. This (so called) lengthened future (comp. note to rem. 11) is usually attached to the 1 pers. sing, and pi., and is found in all classes of the regular and irregular verbs, except in the passives, and has the tone, wherever it is taken, by the afformatives -1 and *T, and hence affects in precisely the same manner the final vowel of the ground-form, e. g. Kal iTT.pKW, Piel n$UJ Ps. 2. 3 ; but Hiph. n^SJK *

It is, however, sometimes found attached to other persons, as the second and third, comp. Is. 5. 19 ; Eze. 23. 20 ; Ps. 20. 4. The form <"l- is also some- times found instead of n— as Hfcnpk 1 Sa. 28. 15, n;ri! Ps. 20. 4.

14. In the forms in which, according to the para- digm, Hholem is dropped, something of the O sound seems to have been expressed in the time when the Hebrew was a living language. Thus the vowel of the last syllable is constantly retained in the Arabic, and is lost only in the vulgar dialect. Traces of this are observable, (a) in the old matres lectionis, which the Keri has cancelled : — i"P1pG5>&0 and I weighed, Ezr. 8. 25, nmpWtt / will rest, Is. 18. 4, £lBO* they stumble, Pr. 4. 16 ; (b) where the vowel remains and is pointed -1, being considered shorter than 1 ; as •Itt-ISK* they shall judge, Ex. 18. 26, *>Ui«3 thou shall pass on, Ru. 2. 8, D"Tlftlpfi thou shall observe them, Pr.

14. 3 ; (c) in (t:) which the punctuators have occa- sionally substituted for simple Sheva, e. g. n?j5J^N1 and fi^i?.^ in the Keri of the passages quoted above, comp. Ezr. 8. 26 ; Je. 32. 9 ; Hggg / might kiss, 1 Ki. 19.20, D1DK Ho. 10. 10; comp. Is. 27. 3 ; 62.2; Eze. 35. 6. " '

15. The vowel of the last syllable is regularly re- stored again in pause, with which it receives the tone. Pattahh is then lengthened into Kamets, e. g. vbjpfl,

• vr : • 5 v. : •

16. For the 3 pers. pi. fern. H^bjpfl, the form iljpbj?* is substituted, in three instances, to dis- tinguish it from the 2 pers., viz. «l3*]b3£ they shall arise, Da. 8. 22, comp. Ge. 30. 38 ; 1 Sa. 6. 12. The parag. H in H3 , both for the masc. and fern, is often dropped, so that only \ remain ; e. g. Jlf |fl Ge. 33. 6.

A single anomaly is n^nSJfil, Eze. 16. 50, for njiiajn (comp. Verb Ain gutt.) where *~ is inserted after the manner of verbs W and W .

17. To the forms ending in -1 or *t a parag. f is often appended, most frequently at the end of a period, where the vowel of the second syllable is restored, though this vowel does not (as in No. 15) receive the tone ; e. g. Pt|T. Ex. 15. 14, ]^fP\ De. 1.17, comp. Ps. 104. 9, 22, 28, 29 ; Joel 3. 1 ; Ex. 9. 29. For instances of this without pause comp. Ru. 2. 8, 9 ; Ps. 4. 3 ; but the vowel is then more fre- quently not restored, comp. Hab.3.7; Ps. 104.28,29; De. 8. 20 ; Ex. 4. 9.

V. On the Infinitive, Impeeeect, and Future oe Kae.

18. Hholem of the inf. constr. send fat., being a

* The future parag. expresses excitement (in the sing., of oneself, in the pi., of one another), determination, wish, entreaty, &c., e. g. nnpKW il^S let me be glad and rejoice ! Ps. 31. 8 ; n^3 let us go ! Ge. 22. 5 (comp. §11. rem. 6).

20

REGULAR VERB— NIPHAL.

[Sect. IX.

pure vowel, is in most instances written without 1 . The full form occurs most frequently in pause or in the later books, comp. iWprj Le. 25. 5, tib^f? Ps. 32. 9, linn Is. 48. 8, ™pS Is. 44. 19.

Before Makkeph, Hholem is changed into Kamets- hhatuph, as:— iW>Kfe$ 2 Sa. 8. 10; Ps. 78. 18, KrG2>TJ Je. 21. 2, PI3-^2l?n Zee. 9. 2. Where 1 stands in the text, it is cancelled in the Keri, so that it remains only in the Kheth. ; e. g. iWwA Ru. 4. 6 Kh. (Keri iW>N:6), -£-31113 Eze. 24. 2 Kh. (Keri ^flS), ^-nm^N* Ho. 8. 12 Kh. (Keri i^#?$).

VI. On the Participle of Kal.

19. ?t?ip is the regular participle of the verbs middle A, like ?£?£. The Hholem is impure, and ought, therefore, to be written fully ; it is, however, more frequently written defectively, not only before an accession at the end, but even in the ground form, ^p.

Like the noun, it often has parag. * appended to the construct state ; as n3p *J?K> the inhabitant of the

thorn-lush, De. 33. 16, 1-VVn *D5ft who changes the rock, Ps. 114. 8, D?£g>3 *n|P* wAo dtt>e7fo m heaven, Ps. 123. 1, jS.ab npfc «,Ao &/wfo fo the vine, Ge. 49. 11,

JKSn npZec.ll.'l7.

In its inflexion it differs in nothing from the noun (comp. dec. 7), and by the same analogy Is formed the feminine ; only that it must be noticed, that the feminine form TOtip (with gutt. nyD'^) is here more frequent than n?tpp .

When the tone is thrown back on account of a word, with the tone on the penultima, following it, Segol is substituted in the final syllable, as in Is. 41. 7, Slip E?in who smites the anvil.

An unfrequent form is «pCWI upholding, Ps. 16. 5, for W^; *|bV *3£l behold lam adding,Is.29. 14; 38.5?

20. The participles of the verbs middle E and O do not differ in form from the preterite ; as K?B he is full, and full; \$\ he slept, and sleeping ; "l3* Ae was afraid, and fearing. Where these forms do not occur as participles, they are at least verbal adjectives f

SECTION IX.— NIPHAL.

REMARKS.

1. Preterite. There is no positive proof for the existence of preterites like '££*?, ?BjM, corresponding to ?l?j5, ?bj5 of the Kal (comp. § 8. rein. 1, note), in addition to the form }>bjj3; for DintfJ Est. 8. 8, "linp_ 1 Ch. 5. 20, "span J Est. 9". 1, usually'regarded as such preterites, are properly infinitives abs.

With regard to the tone and its changes, the remarks already made upon Kal (§ 8. rem. 7) are also applicable to Niphal.

2. The first inf. abs. (?»$), connects itself, in form, with the preterite, to which it bears the same relation as ?itSj3 to ?t?j3 , and is the only infinitive of this kind. Examples are — E'npp warring, Ju. 11. 25, tJD?3 longing, Ge. 31. 30, h'tify asking for oneself, 1 Sa. 20. 6, nhfi sending, Est.' 3. 13. Examples for the second form are— |h|n Je. 32. 4, hhttn Le. 7. 18, once KHIK being inquired of, Eze. 14. 3, which is quite an Arabic form. The construct form is but seldom used instead of the absolute, e. g. 1£>tpn De. 4. 26. In Ps. 68. 3, *\VP\ \&VT Sft?fl| as smole is driven away thou drivest (them) away, the form

* This form is, however, not universally acknowledged as a participle. Thus is SpDIfi regarded as fut. of Hiph. thou makest wide, glorious, from sj»», Arab, amplus fuit (Schult, instit. ad fundam. 1 Hebr. p. 298). P)pi> is likewise taken as Hiph. with T^K supplied, and rendered, / am he who shall add.

t This is indeed true in principle ; we find it, however, more convenient to class even the participle cited here, ar adjectives, where they will be found in the Lexicon.

^H, as the construct of ^|D, is chosen instead of *Di»?, probably for its agreement of sound with

the following *Hf fl .

3. The infinitive, imperative, or future, in those per- sons which have no afformatives, when immediately followed by a word of one syllable, have the tone commonly drawn back to the penultima, and the final syllable having lost the tone receives Segol instead of Tseri; as HJ ^\ Ec. 7. 26, H| 5f&* Eze. 33. 12,

m] ansa ps. 102. 19, & ngpi Ge'. 25. 21 ; 2 Ch.

33. 13, W |OK» 1 Ki. 8. 26, \V TO$ Is. 4. 3, "11 K R^ Job 38. 24 ; so in the inf. Dg> inB«?f> JoD 34. 22 ;' in the imp. 13 Dn?n Ju. 9. 38. In. some words, how- ever, this form with the retracted tone has become the usual one ; e. g. 1$^ Ex. 23. 21, and with con- versive Vav, Drf?»1 Nu. 21.23; Jos. 24. 9; Ju. 9. 39: 1 Sa. 14. 47 ; *|) jl 1 Sa.4. 2, 10 ; 2 Sa. 2. 17; 2Ki. 14. 12.

4. In a similar case, Pattahh is sometimes, though but seldom, put for Tseri, as pN STJJfi Job 18. 4; it is, however, more frequently found with distinctive

Sect. X.]

REGULAR VERB— PIEL AND PUAL.

21

accents, e. g. <£|*! he was weaned, Ge. 21. 8 ; B>B|*1 Ae was refreshed, Ex. 31. 1 7 ; 1P£1 *Y &s said, Ge. 10. 9 ; Nu. 21. 14; TJMgl Jos. 2. 9, BOK»! Ae became nrtfc, 2 Sa. 12. 15. In the 2 and 3 pers. pi. the form with Pattahh is more common than that with Tseri, not only in pause (as r\^W7\ Zee. 14. 2, napgTFI Is. 28. 3), and with gutturals or 1 (as nrgflil Is. 65. 17, HJOpsn Is. 35. 5), but even in the absence of either of these, e. g. nApKB Je. 24. 2.

under the preformative, as V.^^ I swear, Ge. 21. 24, ^T^Eze.14.3, comp. Ge. 19. 20; 1 Sa. 20.29; 27.1; Job 1.15, 16, 17; Is. 1. 24, &c.

6. When the prepositions |, 3 ?, are to be pre- fixed to the infinitive the H is frequently contracted, but not so frequently as in the Hiphil ; e. g. W|3 for i?^|n^L pr. 24. 17. This contraction, however, is more usually with verbs of first guttural, as ^IP^? for *l9?n| La. 2. 11, comp. Eze. 26. 15; Is. 1. 12, &c.

5. The tut. 1 pers. sing, has frequently also Hhirek

SECTION X.— PIEL AND PUAL.

REMARKS.

I. On Piel.

1. The pret. of Piel has frequently (_) in the final syUable instead of (..}; e. g. ^ 2Ki. 21. 3; La. 2.9; especially before a Makkeph and in the middle of a period, whereas in the end of a period (..5 is preferred, e. g. ng!"^ he teaches wisdom, Ec. 12. 9, N-liT^O-l Tyn*nx he delivered the city, Ec. 9. 15, comp. Eze. 33. 5, q?p ifc^Si ")DJ2 K-ini. he who is warned saves his life. See Wis. 49. 21, and bl| Jos. 4. 14 ; Est. 3. 1.

A few verbs, of which the following are all the examples, have (v) in the final syllable — DM1. and he shall wash, Le. 13. 6, 34; 14. 8, 9, &c. (comp. D33 Ge. 49. 11 ; 2 Sa. 19. 25) ; 1S?1. and he shall atone, Le. 4. 20, 26, 31, &c. ; TM he spoke, frequently ^P\ at the end of a period.

A single instance of (.} in the first syllable in the maimer of Aramaic and Arabic, is found in Ge. 41 . 51, '131 D^rDK *3BO God makes me forget, which is occa- sioned by a play upon the name HBOD .

2. Infinitive. The distinguishing form of the inf. abs. is 1&! Ps. 118. 18, K3g 1 Ki. 19. 10, KB"] Ex. 21. 19 ; and in the same relation is f^y 2 Sa. 12. 14.

The latter form, which resembles the 3 pers. pret., is found also in Le. 14. 43 as an inf. constr. fPt) intf after drawing out. Here, it is true, "1&?K or *3 may be supplied, and in« taken as a conjunctive, after one has drawn out; see, however, the remarks on Hiph. §11. rem. 4.

Somewhat more frequent are here the forms with the feminine termination — PHipT to sing, Ps. 147. 1 ; H°JP! to chasten, Le. 26. 18; ^W%^ thy justifying (comp. § 8. rem. 10) Eze. 16. 52. '

3. An imperative with Pattahh in the final syllable is m Ps. 55. 10.

4. The inf. imp. and fut., when followed by a Makkeph, or a word which has the tone on the penultima, take generally (v) in the final syllable, e, g. P&ST&\ Is. 59. 13 ; Je.*9. 4 ; *H^B Ex. 13. 2 ; l?T5>j?2* Is. 40. 20 ; and so, moreover, with Vav con- versive, e. g. $2$). Jos. 24. 12.

Instead of f!3?t3j?Jjl the form also with Pattahh in the second syllable is found, as nJBtenfi, Is. 13. 18.

The following are examples with parag. f — I^.?0J Ps. 104. 10, 1^01; Is. 51. 5, comp. Kal § 8. rem. 17. '

II. On Ptjax.

5. The less frequent form of Pual, with Kamets- hhatuph instead of Kibbuts, is found in the following examples — E^O dyed red, Na. 2. 4; ^"PC! ^e is joined to thee, Ps. 94. 20 (beside "an* Ec. 9. 4) ; rna Ac as cw£ off, Eze. 16. 4 ; and in the regular syllables of some irregular verbs, as "Tl^ s/je as desolate, Na. 3. 7 (usually TTCf, nn^) ; -173 they are at an end, Ps. 72. 20, -1D| *% are coaeraZ, Ps. 80. 11 ; Pr. 24. 31.

It is merely an orthographical variation when Shurek takes the place of Kibbuts, as TO*, in pause ~t?V Ju. 13. 8 ; 18. 29 ; Job 5. 7 (which may also be taken for Hophal, comp. rtt^-in Eze. 16.4); Pl|tt fornication is committed, Eze. 16. 34; >T-1ND ^m^, Eze. 27. 19 ; 6>in they were praised, Ps. 78. 63, comp. also Ec. 9. 12.

6. The participle of Pual occurs sometimes with- out the prefix P ; it is then distinguished, like the part, of Niph., by the Kamets only in the last syllable ; as n^ for nj9X) taken away, 2 Ki. 2. 10 ; n7?np*the praised, Eze. 26. 17; HOPIJ *6 rcoif comforted, Is. 54. 11 ;

npm &6 wo* ^rcWerf, Ho. 1. 6, 8 ; D^i?V or &*K?JH» ew- srcam*, Ec. 9. 12 ; Vp for tnb» Eze. 21. 15, 16.

* This and the two next following examples are to be taken rather as preterites, in consequence of their having the tone retracted to the penultima by the pause accent, which is hardly to be met with in participles and adjectives.

22

REGULAR VERB— HIPHAL AND HOPHAL.

[Sect. XI.

III. Ijnt General. 7. In those forms of Piel and Pual, which have Sheva under the radical letter, the characteristic Dagesh is often dropped ; e. g. nn?K> for il^W she stretched out, Eze. 17. 7, -111^ ps. 74. 7 ; TP^ $ow shalt be sought, Eze. 26. 21 ; though in most instances it is inserted.

The absence of this Dagesh is sometimes in- timated {a) by the lengthening of the preceding vowel, e.g. Dg<W for Dj?j?rp. 1 Ch. 23. 6; (b) by a Hhatuph under the letter which was to have had the Dagesh, e. g. nnjA for T\t$? Ge. 2. 23, comp. Ju. 16. 16.

I. On Hipelil.

1. The characteristic *t impure of the final syllable is only retained in the 3 pers. preterite of Hiph. (in the participle also, but with some exceptions) so as not to have another form with Tseri. In the imp. inf. and fat. there exists also a form with Tseri in the final syllable, which however differs from the other in signification, as the following remarks will show.

Forms in the preterite deviating from the paradigm are, {a) with (v) under H , e. g. Wlpz?n ive are ashamed, 1 Sa. 25. 7, which is still more usual in verbs H"?, e.g. nibr\, r\^[), rn?n; (b) with «, as in the Aramaic; wS]S I have polluted, Is. 63. 3 ; (c) with (0 in the 2 and 3 pers., however only with suffix, as

wfl^n 1 Sa. l. 28.

2. The inf. absol. has generally Tseri with or without Yod; as D?^D to rise up early, Je. 7. 13, and D^H Je. 44. 4, &c. ; ^£f D destroying, Is. 14. 23, andTWD Am. 9. 8; ^f H casting, Je. 22. 19; TOj?n burning' incense, 1 Ki. 9.' 25; TDVil Ne. 7. 3 : p^il De. 15. 14, &c.

A form with K, by Chaldaism, is D*3fK Je. 25. 3. As such may be taken "TOK Ge. 41. 42, viz. as an inf. abs. for the imperative, bow the knee, if regarded according to Hebrew etymology.

When followed by Makkeph the inf. takes Segol, as D^an|n Pr. 24. 23; 28.21.

Unfrequent exceptions are, when the form with Tseri occurs for the inf. constr., as ?0pn De. 32. 8, comp. ch. 26. 12 ; Da. 11. 35, and the form with *— for the inf. abs. Jos. 7. 7.

3. When the prepositions ?, ?, ? are prefixed to the inf. constr. generally no contraction takes place, and the form remains ?*9j?na , ^Pj?r6, &c., differing

SECTION XI.— HIPHAL AND HOPHAL.

REMARKS.

in this respect from the future, where ^Pi?! stands for ?>PpH,:. There are, however, some few excep- tions; e. g. TPfb to destroy, Is. 23. 11 ; Wiyb to put an end to, Am. 8. 4 ; wf> to make white, Da. 11. 35 ; %j? Nil. 5. 22; IHSfe focaiwe to languish, 1 Sa.2.33; "p£, ">'^ fo j9«y ftVAes, Ne. 10. 39 ; De. 26. 12, comp. Ex. 13. 21 ; Ps. 78. 17, and in Kheth., as TOb 2 Sa. 18. 3, for which the Keri has iHfife ; ^ 2 Ki. 9. 15.

4. Infinitives not differing in form from the pre- terite, are more frequent here than in Piel (§10. rem. 2); e. g. ^W H ^ 2 Ki. 3. 25; t^j ^lin.}^ Je. 50. 34 ; D^?6l ™D? ^¥01 |b|-nint $ Is'. 31. 5. These examples may yet be doubted, as they can be regarded as real preterites, and the prepositions before them as mere conjunctions (for "TC5W 1}) , ^P$. W??) ; there are, however, others which must be recognised as infinitives, e. g. ^p/P^O De. 7. 24 ; moreover lV3nVINI nWpn *H.0.K after the scraping of the house, Le. 14. 43 (where the ending fil of the verb H'v decides for the inf.)

5. In the imp. the leading form (^PPH) does not occur at all ;* instead of it are employed the shortened and lengthened forms, ^t?j?n and n!?»t?j?n (§ 8. rem. 13) ; e. g. )W D make fat, Is. 6. 10 ; ngfcn atod, Job 33. 31 ; ni^pnPs.5.3; 17.1; l^yn prosper, 1 Ki. 22. 12,15, and rin^yn Ps. 118. 25 (nowhere D^yn) ; D3H look, Job 35. 5*, and n^ll La. 1.11; 113 fe#, lSa.25.11; ?3?0 separate, Is. 56. 3 ; nj*BPj?n hearken.

Before Makkeph (<<) is changed into (v), as &fcr||pn Job 22. 21 ; KJ-Bjn Ge. 15. 5.

6. In the future, the more usual form is that with Tseri for the shortened future, and has in general the

* This remains, however, the ground-form whenever the suffixes are added, as ^^JD^H Ps. 143. 8, and is analogous to the forms with the afformatives having a union vowel, as y^tppn, -I^Dpn,

Sect. XI.]

REGULAR VERB— HIPHAL AND HOPHAL.

23

signification of the subjunctive, similar to the length- ened future (§ 8. rem. 13), with some modification occasioned by the difference of person. It is found —

(a) In the expression of command and wish ; e. g. *rpl may be cut off, Ps. 12. 4 ; 109. 15 (comp. n**p* he shall cut off, De. 12. 29 ; 19. 1 ; 1 Ki. 14. 14) ; Ipl* may he add, may he increase, Ge. 30. 24 ; Le. 5.16,24; 27.31; Nu. 5. 7 ; 22.19; De. 1. 11 (comp. *ppi* Jos. 23. 13 ; 2 Sa. 14. 10) ; KSVI fe* Aer bring forth (comp. WVta Is. 61.11; Hag. 1.11); TgK &* Aim ^orn^ Ge. 41. 34 ; Est. 2. 3 (Tj?^ Is. 10.28) ; 3B» &rf Am overtake, Ps. 7. 6 ; ^?Kfl Eze. 3. 3 ; Itan 1 Sa. 10. 8, &c.

(o) More usually in the expression of prohibition with i?t? ; e. g. nnpn ^ Aitfe rao£, Ps. 27. 9 ; 69. 18 ; 102. 3; 119. 19 (comp. "WIP9 Ps. 13. 2; 44.25); nn^n b$ des/roy rco/, De. 9. 26; Ps. 57. 1, &c. ; 13 pFl ?X sAw/ wo/ wj3, Ob. 14 ; >>!£! deliver not, Ps. 119. 43 (comp. 1 Sa. 30. 8); %& ^ let not fail, Est. 6. 10 (comp. Pr. 1.14); &3FI b& /ooZ; no/, 1 Sa. 16. 7 ; IP*? ^ /e/ Am wo/ frwtf, Job 15. 31 ; ITff b$ let him not leave, Ex. 16. 19; see also Pr. 30. 10; Ob. 12.

(c) Less frequently with a ] preceding it, expressive of the conjunction that, in order that, as in Ju. 14. 15, entice thy husband W"1S*1: that he declare to us, and so Job 11. 6 ; 12. 7 ; Je. 42. 3 ; ^11 that he deliver, 1 Sa. 7. 3.

(d) With a negation, e. g. &|ph"N7 she shall not continue, Ge. 4. 12, comp. Job 40. 32 (27) ; *1P'K fc6 De. 18. 16 ; Ho. 9. 15 ; "into ^ *Aow sAa// wo/ have the pre-eminence, Ge. 49. 4 ; see also Is. 13. 20.

(e) After conversive Vav ; the first person, how- ever, is excepted, which generally retains the form with *t; e.g. WfN} and I destroyed, Am.- 2. 9 ; fbfM and I cast,' Zee. 11. 13 ; T|K1 and I told, Is. 48. 5; ^hm\ and I made king, 1 Sa. 12. 1 ; Ti-lpKI and I hid, Eze. 39. 23, 24. It is likewise so pointed when * is omitted in the text — ")KtyW and I enriched, Zee. 11.5; K3PIJO am* 7 A;V/, 1 Ki." 18. 13 ; bxx\ arca7 I delivered, Jos'. 24. 10 ; Ju. 6. 9 ; 1 Sa. 10. 18.

Exceptions where ?PP! is used for the plain future (or present), are only found with the poets, e. g. J?.^l he casts, Job 15. 33 ; 27. 22 ; "lt?P! Ae causes /o ram, Job 20. 23; Ps. 11.6; see also Job 18. 9 ; 34.29; 37.4; 40.9, 19; Ps. 25. 9; 2 Sa. 22. 14; 1 Sa. 2. 10; Mi. 3. 4. Also with somewhat later authors, e. g. P^V. he shall make to cleave, De. 28. 21 ; ^bv he shall lead, De. 28. 36 ; ^Di?l IN then he assembled, 1 Ki. 8. 1,

for which 2 Ch. 5. 2 ^nj?! TK (doubtless to be read ^Oi?!) ; PJtOKl and I shall lay hold, Is. 42. 6.

7. Before Makkeph this Tseri of the shortened future becomes Segol ; e. g. ^"p.tL]'-l and he laid hold upon him, Ju. 19. 4 ; 1?T^|*1 and he drew near to him, Ge. 27. 25 ; ft"n||1 and we told him, Ge. 43. 7. In pause it occurs with Pattahh — KJiM Ju. 6. 19. In the plural Tseri is sometimes entirely dropped, as is the case with the e of the final syllable in the Aramaic — ^T]!l for •l^'H*]!! and they bent (the bow), Je. 9. 2 ; *pflii and they pursued, 1 Sa. 14. 22 ; 31. 2.

8. In the participle the form with (li) seldom occurs in the singular, see however "l£lP*? for *Vfip£ hiding, Is. 53. 3, and in the fern. THSTQ Nu. 5.15, rn"i|D Est. 2. 20.

.... > vv -

Hence are the plurals EWCiD dreaming, Je. 29. 8, tntVO helping, 2 Ch. 28. 23,"b^ri» &«<%r {leaders), Zee. 3. 7, comp. the Chaldee |*??rb Da. 3. 25; 4. 34.

9. The tone in Hiph. differs from that of the rest of the conjugations, inasmuch as it does not rest upon the afformatives -1 and *t in the pret., imp. and fut. In the pret. however, they receive the tone by conversive Vav; nJ^^Ol and she shall divide, Ex.. 26. 33, but is retained in HTlin \ and she told, 2 Sa. 17. 17.

II. On Hophal.

10. Besides the form with Kamets-Hhatuph given in the paradigm, there is another with Kibbuts equally frequent, and often in one and the same verb, e. g. ^H he is cast, Da. 8. 11, n?^0 Is. 14. 19, *R?hfn Ps. 22. 11, fut. t|^> Is. 34.3," Eze. 16. 5, part,' ^bfD 2 Sa. 20. 21 ; 33f n /o oe laid, Eze. 32. 32, imp. fi^S^n ver. 19; "I^H fo be appointed, Je. 6. 6, part. DHi?P» 2 Ch. 34. 10; ^i"?^ /o oe SwmeJ, Le. 6. 15, part. 'TBjpO Mall. 11.

11. The /m/I aos. is distinguished by (.0 in the final syllable, e.g. 'Wk} to be swaddled, Eze. 16.4; Ijn Jos. 9. 24. Of the inf. constr. as given in the paradigm, there happens to occur no example in the regular verb.

12. Of the participle there occurs, in Eze. 46. 22, the uncontracted form TO?i?njP for TOXJ3D. This form occurs likewise in the fut. of the verbs V'S, as nTn; for m\> (comp. § 20. rem. 10).

24

REGULAR VERB— HITHPAEL.

[Sect. XII.

SECTION XII.— HITHPAEL.

REMARKS.

1. The preterite, as in Piel, has frequently also Pattahh in the final syllable, e. g. pjnfln to show oneself courageous, 2 Ch. 13. 7 ; 15. 8. This vowel occurs also in the future and imperative, as B3DJV he thinks himself wise, Ec. 7. 16 ; J3#fln delight thy- self, Ps. 37. 4 ; S^Pfln sanctify thyself Jos. 3. 5, comp. 1 Ki. 20. 22. In pause these forms take Ka- mets, as pret. ^}^1? he girded himself Ps. 93. 1 ; fut. <g$0*. he mourns, Eze. 7. 12, 27, CHKfl! # sparkles, Pr. 23. 31.

2. The preterite with conversive Vav has some- times HJiirek instead of Pattahh in the penultima which has lost the tone, as W^ni ^inCH / will show myself great and holy, Eze. 38. 23 ; oW^n} and ye shall shoiv yourself holy, Le. 11. 44 ; 20. 7, comp. in Kal the form ^J (§ 8. rem. lb).

3. The Syriac form with HK occurs in 2 Ch. 20. 35, ">5D^K for "ISD^n he joined himself

Note. The T\ of the syllable HH suffers the following

changes : — (a) when the first radical of the verb is a sibilant (D, )£, W) it changes place with T\, as ItpFl&T} for "florin, banpn for ^pnri; ¥ causes, more- over, a change of T) into the more nearly related 13, as pUDyn for P1EVH ; (*0 before 1, T, tt & n it is assimilated, e. g. "12 "HH from 1-^, -13-Tn from i"DT Is. 1. 16, intSil, DftfiP!; sometimes also before J & 3, as K23I1, elsewhere K23nn ; $311 for |ibnn.

4. Forms followed by Makkeph are: — tp-qpnflil Noah walked, Ge. 6. 9; W"Djyi^ the snow hides itself , Job 6. 16 ; withparag. j, |»%Wb *% walk, Ps. 12. 9 (comp. Kal fut. § 8. rem. 17) ; with parag. n, nppriflK I will walk, Ps. 119. 45 (comp. Kal § 8. rem. 13).

5. In forms, in which the middle radical has Sheva, so that Dagesh may be dropped (§ 10. rem. 7), this latter is sometimes compensated by lengthening (_) into (T), as *1j?Bpn for -Vljpsnn, JU. 20. 15, and from habit of the punctuator, also in the sing. 1j?&0*. (for ^fi]}») Ju. 21.9*

Some have adopted here another conjugation ?t3Kpnn,

Sect. XIII.]

VERBS WITH GUTTURALS.

25

TABLES OF THE VERBS WITH GUTTURALS

TABLE C. VERB PE GUTTURAL.	TABLE D. VERB AYIN GUTTURAL.
KAL. NIPHAL. HIPHIL. HOPHAL.	KAL. NIPHAL.	PIEL.	PUAL.	HITHPAEL.
Pret.3. m.	^	ipg.j Tpjg	TOD	i~ t - : •	TS	TO	TO1?^1
3. /.	it : it	it : ^riv t r v:iv	rn»sm it : "t it	n.-:iT it -:: •	H313	HD-IS	nanann it :it : •
2. m.	?1P?	*npj.j ri*]b^rt	51PVS	t : i" t t : i- : •	wis t : i-"	rDia	nanann t : i-t ; •
2. f.	^1?V	fiip?.J. ^ip^S	rnoyn : : i- t.-it	n^n^ nttrrcu	n^-i3	nana	nanann
I. c.	'flip?	wipgj *fl1p?5	wip?n	^n^ »nt3n^3	>ri3"i3	♦iwia	'•nanann • : i" t : •
Plur. 3. c.	nn	■npjtt -iTpyn	•n»yn i : tit	i ~:it i -;: •	•13-12	•1312	■laiann i :it : •
2. m.	D51^	Pft1»j?J snn^yn	Qrii^n	Dntsn^ onttrrcw	Dn^-is	DFiaia	DPianann
2. /.	ST8H	®1»?.?.. tgnsg.3	|rn»?n	jntpn&y |npnBO	®?33	K?"1-?	jnana^n
1. c.	•i^IPV	M103J.1 ^1p?3	»TPffl	•iapn^ ttDp?fa	wapa	Mppa	wa^ajjn
Inf. absol.	nipy	liipaj Togn		it . i : •	^■T?
constr.	n'?2	npyp Toyn	npgn	DhB> tap^n	W	TO	V^
Imp. m.		ipjp *Jp2p		Dp^ tsn^n	TO		TO1??
T*pB R1Q
Plur. m.		,. . 1T.. . ,. -:r	wanting	*pn$ *png>n	»a"ia •in-in i :it	wanting.	*a*]3fln •laiann i :it : •
/•	nnby napm t : i e: t':i — :	nnpyp nnnyn		nptppip njt?pB?n	t : i-T		manann t : i~ t : •
Fut. 3. m.	iptf! RJQJ	ip^ TpjP	TOM r t:it	ant^ ans^	to:	TO!	VW-
3. /.	ibyn pmn i -:r ' rv:iv	*ipyn Tpgp	"rpgg	tan^n on^n	TO1?	tjnnn	vm
2. m.	noyn p>rnn	ipyjD WJffi	ipgp	BpKto tin^n	TO^	V-2T?	TO1?^
2. /.	*3P2p *?tnn	np^ri »Tp)tJn	i- : tit	^n^n »tpng?rj	*a^M	*?^	^aianri
1. c.	Tp$g RIpx	lpjK tosjk	i" t:it	ttp&?K ttpBte	TO*:	TO^-	TO1??
Plur. 3. m.	vifep -ij^rnj	•npg* wpjp	■vtom i : tit	■lans?* -idpi^	»")a*	•i3te)h,t i : i :	!,?1S1?-
3. /.	nnbyn njgjng	nanpyn nj^pjm	roittyn	ruBrrcyn mtan^n	t : i-t :	naanbn	n^anann t : i- t : •
2. w.	•n»yn -ijrtnn	•npp -iTpjm	•noun i : tit	•i^n^n -iDn^n	•imafl i :it :	■imhfi	•iaianr»
2. /.	nj-rbsm rupmn t : i -:r t':i-v:iv	t :i"T-i- t :ih*:i-	t :i-':it	ru^n^n msn^n	t : i-t :	HJ?JP5	naaiann t : i-t : •
1. c.	"ibjtt #£3	npja i*p2J	TOgJ	Dp^: DpB?a	TO?	spba	V2V
Fut. apoc.		ipS,!
Part. oc*.	^pv	iggj Tpyp	•WB	Dpfe> onya	TO?	TO?	TO1?*?
pass.	Htpjj			wnp

26

VERBS WITH GUTTURALS— VERB PE.

[Sect. XIII.

		TABLE E.	VERB LAMEDH GUTTURAL.		i
	KAL.	NIPHAL.	PIEL.	PUAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.	HITHPAEL.
Pret. 3. m.	n^	ntes	nte	nte	n^ten	nten	rfpmn
3. /.	nnte	nntej	nnte	nnte	nn*ten	nnten	nn-wn
2. m.	nnte	nnte: .	nnte	nnte	nnten	nnten	nn-wn
2. /.	nnte	nnte'j	nnte	nnte	nnten	nnten	nn^n^n
1. c.	*nnte	*nntes	■'nnte*	*nnte	-nnten	*nnten	wrhmn
Plur. 3. c.	■inte	■inte:?.	•inte	•inte	•m*ten	•inten	•mWn
2. m.	Qflnte	Dnntea	Dnnte	Dnnte	Dnnten	Dnnten	nnrbwn
2. /.	©nte	tjjnte? *	©nte	©nte	jnnten	Ipnten	inn^n^n
1. c	«nte : i" t	•uritej	•i:nte	•i^nte	•i:nten	•unten	tori?t$n
Inf. afooZ.	nite	n'tes	nte		nten
consfr".	n^	nten l~ T •	nte	nte	n*ten	nten i" : t	rbwn
Imp. in.	nte	nten	nte		nten		n^n^n
f.	•"nte	*nten	*nte		*n*ten		*n-wn
Plur, m.	■inte	•inten	•inte	wanting	•in*ten	wanting	•mWn
/.	njnte	nanten T ;i~ T •	n^nte		n^nten		nin^ni^n
Fut. 3. m.	nte*	rite*	nte*	nte**	n*te*	nte*	n^n&j>*
3. /.	nten	nten	nten	nten	n-ten	nten	rbwn
2. m.	nten	nten	nten	nten	n*ten	nten	nWn
2. /.	*nten	*nten	*nte^	*nten	*n*ten	*nten	*n>wn
1. c.	nte«	nte**	ntex	nte«	n*tex	nte«	rhwx
PZw. 3. m.	•inte*	•inte*	•inte*	•inte*	•m*te*	•inte*	•mW*
3. /.	n J nten	njnten	njnten	mnten	runten	nsnten	mrhwn
2. m.	•inten	•inten	•inten	•inten	■in*ten	•mte'n	•m^n^'n
2. /.	n:mten	runten	nunten	mnten	n^nten	n^nten	n^nWn
1. a	ntea	ntes |- T *	nte}	ntea	n*tej	nte: I" J T,	n)n^o
Fut. apoc.					nte!
Part. act.	cjjy	rhm	nvwD	nte»	n*te»	nteo	rhpim
pass.	n-ite

SECTION XIII.

I. On Kal.

1 . In the preterite no other deviation exists except DJy*n (with Hhateph-Segol) ye are, Job 6. 21, arid

VERB PE GUTTURAL. (Table C.)

REMARKS.

the same word with simple Sheva &n**ni Ge. 3. 5 (comp. rem. 13).

Sect. XIII.]

VERBS WITH GUTTURALS— VERB PE.

27

2. In the verbs Nff£ the inf. constr. takes (v:) under the first letter, as ?3$ especially with the prefixes, mS3, ThtA fo seize, *)bX3, S|b*6 fo coZ/ec^, Is. 17. 5; 2Ki. 5. 7; fe«^ Ge. 24. 33, 'and fe«3* Nu.26.10. With simple Sheva nb*6 (for nbb6j fo flmtf, Ps. 105.22. With the feminine termination:— HOipK to become guilty, Le. 5. 26, nsnK fo /ore, De. 10. 12 ; 11. 22 ; fi£TD> whence inj^Tn^l ivhen he gained strength, 2Ch. 12. 1; 26. 16.

3. Imperative. In the verbs K"£ the first letter takes (v0, as n'Tg ^zW orc, Job 38. 3, Thtf Z«y Ao/J, Ex. 4. 4, fjfag co/to, Nu. 21. 16; 1B« few, Ho. 3. 1. The rest of the persons have generally the regular form, only in a few instances Segol is retained, e. g. napK, collect, Nu. 11. 16, T\yy!t order, Job 33. 5, *B|?n ma£e o«re, Is. 47. 2, which more especially happens when the second radical is likewise a guttural, "l^nK Ps. 31. 24, -ITnX Ca. 2. 15, *mg Ru. 3. 15.

4. The form of the future exhibited in the para- digm is that of the verbs fut. 0, as D?n* to dream, ^V.l to serve, "121?! to pass over, "=]"$.! to set in order. The verbs fut. A take Segol under the preform atives, as ?5$* to mourn, PVQ. to be strong, Tip* fa tremble, ^^.! to oe sweet. Less frequently do verbs _/&£ 0 occur with Segol, as *)bx* to collect, ^nj to ma/ce 5are, and once in pause ?3? J°b 10. 20 (elsewhere ?nn.J). Both futures, like nbj£ & pTJjJ, are found in one and the same verb (with or without a difference of sig- nification), as in ^?n to bind, ^?n to be weak, BHn fo cm*, fan fo <fe%A* tn, Snjtf (§ 8. rem. 18). Moreover, V? to #o, n,?nFi (grassari) for n,?nFl (comp. rem. 12) Ex. 9. 23; Ps. 73. 9.

Examples with afformatives are : — J'"!i2!, W)?*,

n|"in« (fo MQ, ijbn:, wan* {to turn) ; ptji, •Iptm ;

IIS, -nnnj (to fremjfe).

5. Other verbs have very constantly simple Sheva under the guttural ; but in the same relation as mentioned above. This is most frequently the case with n, as nan* (for l5q») to gird on, bfon» to pity, Sbfy to think ; ^JIT} to cease, DSD* to 6e wi»«. The persons with afformatives remain quite regular, as

'VlfD!, -v^n*. Less frequently are both forms found in the same verb, e. g. 3Pt«; pr. 3. 12, and 2n^J pr.

15. 9, 12, and especially when the leading form has composite Sheva ; but with the afformatives and suffixes, simple Sheva is introduced, as B*3ffi, but ■1E%! 1 Ki. 13. 13, -IH^ni Ho. 6. 1 ; i»hq!De."24. 6, pi." &n* Job 24.3; P>i?D! , pl. iJp^n* Jos. 14. 5; so

also nfe, pi. -in#!; nby.!,'but nn^K, rrayj.

6. Since the punctuation

(-:r)> (:-)

considered

shorter than (v:iv) , (: .,-, , the former is sometimes used where the form is augmented by afformatives, suf- fixes, &c, while the leading form has the latter punctuation. E. g. ^Dg (to collect), but top**!, *ap«fl, and so with suffix; ibg} (to SmoT), with suff. -innD^,

•in-no^ &c. ; npn.; (to ^0, pl. -^TO ps. 34. 11 ; Eze.

4. 17. According to the same principle we find riipn* (fo 5/msA), Ps. 35. 4, 26, in pause -Vism Ps. 34. 6 ; Job 6. 20 ; WB n*, in pause *¥JpDJ (comp. rem. on Niph. and Hiph.).

II. On Niphal.

7. Preterite. Besides the form exhibited in the paradigm there is another with simple Sheva, as DPJO (to be guilty), T5DJ (to be glorified). The shorter (_:r) is introduced only with the augmenta- tion at the end of the participle, as D?g. hid, Ec. 12.14, but on the contrary, nfthv} Na. 3. 11, and Wtbyi Ps. 26. 4 ; so ntonqj w^sto, Eze. 30. 7 ; a single exception is f^l terrible, Ps. 89. 8. A few infinitives absol. formed according to the preterite (§ 9. rem. 1) have likewise this a, as fisr^.j

8. The future is once written fully nb^fl for ntyjft Ex. 35. 31. In a few instances Segol is found in- stead of Tseri, e. g. anna (for annrm, annnjft) Eze. 26. 15, and so likewise in a few earlier editions in Eze. 43. 18; Job 19. 7.

III. ON HlPHIL AND HOPHAL.

9. The forms with (,..lv) in the preterite, and(..K) in the infinitive, imperative and future, as exhibited in the paradigm, are as regular here as in the non- guttural verb the forms with (:0 and (._) to which they correspond ; only that here occurs also the form with simple Sheva, as n*pnn, fut. nW shall cause to want ; n^snft causing shame.

10. In the preterite, the punctuation is remarkably

* Pattahh is found here (as the shorter form, comp. rem. 6) because the tone is forcibly thrown forward, &&y\ ?3^.5-

For the same reason they wrote DfinftK not DFPftN .

j ... . — . ... . _ ... . .

t There are, however, preterites as well as participles (in the leading form) of verbs n"7 and $" ? which have this (_. r, . . -,, as Witt Ps. 38. 7; Is. 21. 3; .1^3 Nu. 9. 21; 10. 11; ri3J» Is. 53. 7; *JD*3J?1 Ps. 119. 107 ; T\b%S Le. 7. 9; -TO.: Le. 18- 30,

but also nrra: Nu. 15. 24 ; riifam Ge. 31. 27 ; Dnam'jos. 2. 16.

28

VERBS WITH GUTTURALS— VERB AYIN.

affected by the conversive Vav, since the tone con- nected with it changes (v:iv) into the shorter (_:i_)t E. g. W^n I have devoted, 1 Sa. 15. 20 ; »p?1Qni and I shall devote, Nu. 21. 2; Mi. 4. 13 ; nnipinni 1 Sa. 15. 18, Dnpnqni l Sa. 15. 3 ; filDgn thou hast appointed, Ne. 6. 7 ; Ps. 31. 9 ; j™S|D1: and thou shalt appoint, Nu. 3. 6 ; 8. 13 ; 27. 19 ; Eze.*29. 7 ; ^"}?W. I caused to pass, Zee. 3. 4 ; ^n?y.11. and I shall cause to pass, Je. 15. 14 ; j™?™: Ex. 13! 12 ; Le. 25. 9 ; Nu. 27.7; Eze.5.1; V»/>5gn Ex. 16.32; ^^Dl Is. 49. 26; Wng.1 & W?Kn,i &c." The like change "is effected by the conversive Vav even in the 3rd person, comp. TJ^D he hearkened, De. 1. 45, and \\\$k}\ and he shall hearken, Ps. 77. 2.*

11. Of Hophal only a few instances occur with simple and composite Sheva under the guttural, as

■qarin, fut. Din*, part. i»j?£.

12. In the part, of Hiph. (v:iv) is sometimes changed into (..,..), andinHoph. (t:1t) into ,--'-,, prolonging the short vowel which was sustained by Metheg, e. g. ?*)32p (elsewhere n~pW Jos. 7. 7 ; rhvp Hab. 1.15 (elsewhere H^gn) ; riSgri Na. 2. 8, and that often, for

[Sect. XIV.

rbyn. Comp. in Kal ^qn for ^Jjg (§ 13. rem. 4), Ex. 9. 23 ; Ps. 73. 9 ; but— Note, on the contrary, (,..IV) is put for (_.,.., in VVJK (Piel for -liqx) Ju. 5. 28 ; •1»n; Ge. 30. 39 j '3S&tg Ps. 51. 73.

IV. In General.

13. A few verbs h*7 with Pe guttural differ from the above inasmuch as their H & n are not at all treated as gutturals, viz. n*n to be (except the pret., see rem. 1), fut. flW, with prepositions fi^O?, Niph. n\1J ; so also JVn fo &W, pret. Dri^Dl Eze. 37. 5, 6, inf. n'VI$, imp. with copulative Vav Vm, fut. ilW. Only in a few examples the guttural character is re- tained (viz. when the guttural begins the word), as fi^n, n»n Eze. 21. 15. The same analogy is ob- served in the apocopated future in* , |n*1 (otherwise '13 D!) & ID?!.

14. The letter 1 as first radical comes within this anomaly only in the inf. and fut. of Niph., e. g. •"•NT Ae 2s sem. The unusual form with Pattahh under the preformative is found only in the apoco- pated fut. K1.il, and in Hiph. *Wp\ Na. 3. 5, with conversive Vav, otherwise •"•£*} $ & n&nn.

SECTION XIV.— VERB AYIN GUTTURAL. (Table P.)

REMARKS IN GENERAL.

1. In Piel, Pnal and Hithpael, Dagesh forte of the middle radical letter is lost, but in the greater num- ber of examples, particularly before H, n & V, the preceding vowel remains short, and the guttural has Dagesh forte implicitum, or Dagesh forte implied, e. g. Piel 31: to lead, OH: to comfort, 1JJ21 to destroy, inf. PDV to mock, fut. lilt?*, to cleanse, part. 1H8D ; Pual VD1 to 6e washed; Hithpa. -H'lBn. Before K the vowel is commonly prolonged (but comp. V$h T^l? Pu. Wl Job 33. 21), and always before 1.

2. In Pi. and Hiph. the tone is sometimes drawn back to the penultima, and Tseri of the final syllable is shortened to Segol, viz. : —

(a) When a monosyllabic word, or one with the tone on the penultima follows, e. g. DK^ nittv to minister there, De. 17. 12 (otherwise ni#6) ; -133, *S \>T\^7 to mock me or us, Ge. 39. 14, 17 ; PIS, s2 £;ri3 he

denies him, her, Job 8. 18; Le. 5. 22, comp. £TD Le. 5.21, R3 BTD* Ho. 9. 2, but BTDFI! Ge. 18. 15; IV S)in* sAaW i/ie adversary reproach, Ps. 74. 10, but Ppnj! 2Sa. 21. 21. (b) After conversive Vav, as DfilN ^1^1 anc^ ^e blessed them, Ge. 1. 22, 28 ; 2. 3 ; 5. 2 (without a tone syl- lable following it) ; 6JH31 and /i<? cfroi'e away, Ex. 10. 11 ; De. 33. 27, &c. ; infc rnB>?l and he scared him, Ge. 39. 4 ; iflH DJ?SilJ^l and his spirit was troubled, Da. 2. 1. The ( , is, however, retained in both these cases, especially in the latter, e. g. jN£>?} and he refused, Ge. 48. 19 ; Nu. 20. 21, 1HD?1 and he made haste, Ge. 18. 6, 7.

3. In the Hithpa., when the second radical takes Kamets on account of the pause, the preceding syllable

takes (v) instead of,

oy

E. g. -Ill tSH cleanse your-

selves, Nu. 8. 7 ; ^lOnjn Eze. 5. 13.

* As an exception of this rule must be regarded DlVnn (for DIVHA) Ju. 8. 19.

SECTION XV.— VERB LAMED GUTTURAL. (Table E.) REMARKS.

29

1. In the inf. and/w£ of Niphal, and in the pret, inf. and fit. of Piel, the form with (.} is employed at the beginning and in the middle of a period (with conjunctive accent), that with <■..-, and furtive Pattahh is used at the end of a period (with distinctive ac- cent). E. g. Niph. SttSil 2 Ch. 33. 23, but on the contrary V&ti Eze. 30.16; fut. JJpf*. Nu. 27. 4 ; 36. 4 ; comp. inf. chap. 36. 3 ; V$\ Na. 1. 14, but inf. Le. 11. 37 ; De. 21. 4. Piel pret. njR3 Job 30. 11, and HP13 chap. 12. 18 ; JJJI 2 Ch. 34. 7, and jn| ver. 4 ;

inf. y)5 Hab. 1. 13 ; Nu. 4. 20, comp. $2 La. 2. 8 n^ Ex. 5. 2 ; 7. 14, and nW chap. 7. 27 ; 9. 2 fut. SJj»; Hab. 3. 9 ; Ps. 78. 15 ; Ge. 22. 3, comp SgS; Eze'. 13. 11 ; 2 Ki. 8. 12 ; n)f & rAja; Le. 14. 9 V%k 2 Sa. 20. 20, comp. $>5S Is. 19. 3.

2. The 'participle of Niphal must be supposed to admit of another form like D?^, which loses <-..-, before an accession at the end (comp. dec. 7) ; hence m) 2 Sa. 14. 13, Djq'W Ne. 1. 9 (comp. § 23. rem. 6).

REGULAR VERB WITH SUFFIXES.

		TABLE F. REGULAR VERB ^	WITH SUFFIXES	i
Suffixes for 1 Sing. 2 Sing-, m. '	l Sing. f. 1	fifing", m.	5 Sing-. /.	1 Plur. I	2 PZwr. m.	2 PZwr. /. 3 PZur. m. I	5 Plur. f.
Pret. Kal. 3,m.	• i- t ':	tf»	t??	•intapl t?SPj	it t1:	•l^lOp it t1;	D,?(5^l?	U&&P	D^ttp it t':	|J?BP
3./.	♦jntap • : r t ':	i$w	Wife?	^9? J	nritap	M?A?P	DDnfe	B^'&P	- it t ':	ID^i?
2. m.	»jn^pl *$tepj	—	—	•inn^ppl	BjF&Bp	it : - ':	—	—	•ttfbtDp it : - •:	jr^Bp •it j ->:
2./.	^P^ep	—	—	WI^PpJ	rvntap t r ; - ':	WpV9p	—	—	ttpboj?	PjfcOp
I.e.	—	Tpk>i?	^jfe?	vptap	n^ptei?	—	DJ'i&ttp	Ijj'flfrpi?	EMjfrpi?	rp^i?
PJwr.3. c.	»>tep • i t ':	"Hr¥P	^t?l?	•in-itap i t ';	n-ibtsp t it':	■13-I^Dp	DD-I^DP	I^gp	D-l^tpp	Pr»9P
2. m.	»>1]j&Dp	—	—	•in-ift^p	t i : - ':	w-iri^p		—	dttftpp	ivfej
I.e.	—	*P?tei?	W^ep	irwAttp	rajtej?	—	BS^te?	IjS^Pi?	D-I^pp	l-u!?Bp
Inf. £aJ.			"fe	$9?	it : 't	i" : 't	B,3i,9P J	stee	^?i?	te
Imp. Kal.	*J?ttg	—	—	•in^p I" : 't		i" : t	—	—	^	—
Fut. ZaZ. 3. 7n.	*?^i??	il^i??	*fcpp	•in^ipp?		*$?P	dg^bp?	•iv : t ; •	D^t3p» ,.. . i. .	te
3.m. with Nun	^?J	i$&	—	ttjjPR	n|^i??	•i^R	—		—	—
Plur. 3. m.		^m	■q-iW	■in-iSpip?	5^9P	i : ': •	EgApP!	8^?P	D-I^PP*	lA«?P!
Pret. PieZ.	»Ag&	iiw>	#i?	'^i?	it : '•	^¥i?	&,3^9i?	e^i?	tbtSip it ; ••	few

30

REGULAR VERB WITH SUFFIXES.

[Sect. XVI.

SECTION XVL— REGULAR VERB WITH SUFFIXES. (Table F.)

REMARKS.

I. On the Preterite oe Kae.

1. Third Person Masculine. In the verbs middle E (§ 8. rem. 1) this characteristic vowel remains also before the suffix, as ^\)% De. 7. 13; 15. 16; 23. 6, from Sr^ ; D^> Le. 16. 4 ; HW De. 24. 3.

2. Third Person Feminine. The form fPtpp desig- nating the fern, has a twofold peculiarity — (a) it takes the suffixes which form a syllable by them- selves (*3, \ 'in, n, -13, D3, |3) without a union- vow el, though itself ends with a consonant ; (b) with the rest of the suffixes it indeed takes the union- vowel, but the tone is drawn back to the penultima, so that they appear in the shortened form **[—, D— , )—. E. g. tjnnnx she loves thee, Ru. 4. 15 ; *fp3?'^ ** has per- verted thee, Is. 47. 10; bflg*l^ $Ae 5wm5 Mem, Is. 47. 14; Drta«. ft consumes them, Ho. 2. 14; Dnn3| s^e AaJ stolen Mem, Ge. 31. 32 ; B^ny? it observes them, Ps. 119. 129 ; Dn«VD ft 6e/e# them, Ex. 18. 8; but on the contrary toljfgsj Ps. 73. 6.

3. In the suffix of the third person a kind of con- traction takes place, which may be compared with the form -13— for 'I""1}—, viz. W1JI— contr. ^t, and Hfl— contracted from £^T. In the masculine both occur, the contracted and uncontracted form, as •inrr?<?2: sJie shoivs him, Pr. 31. 12; -in?D| she weaned him, 1 Sa. 1. 24; -inrDDp Is. 59. 16, comp. Ge. 37. 20 ; 1 Sa. 18. 28, and to3Jj Job 21. 18, comp. Ru. 4. 15. With the suffix of the feminine only the contracted form exists, nn]n$ Je. 49. 24 ; Is. 34. 17.

For "3^- -13Jp- r\T}- the pause exhibits Vry- &c, c. g. "»3n^S: Ps. 69. 10; «$*»? Nu. 20. 14;' *j£3^. Ca. 8. 5 (where ?1^?D in the first member of the sentence is so pointed for the sake of consonance).

4. The Second Person Masculine assumes in all cases the form fi?Pi?, wherefore the suffix has no union-vowel, except with the suffix of the 1 and 2 pers. sing, masc, where sometimes w?QP appears as the ground-form, and so to it is attached the suffix C?T, 1) by its union-vowel. Hence s3ri^n thou searchest me, Ps. 139. 1 ; ^fiPlD. thou hast overcome me, Je. 20. 7 (elsewhere, however, ^IIV. Ps. 22. 2); ifif 9*^ thou (j a 1.1 wrest him, 2 Ki. 5, 6, comp. Nu. 23.27; Ps. 89. 44; Hab. 1. 12 (elsewhere also •inrns:? Eze. 43. 20).

5. Second Person Feminine. All the forms ex- hibited in the paradigm assume the ground-form *fl?9i?, so that the suffix has no union- vowel. *— is often written defectively, as ^"Tr* thou hast borne me, Je. 15. 10 ; comp. Ca. 4. 9; 1 Sa."l9. 17. The form WPi?, however, occurs also with suffixes which have the union- vowel, as-13Fl*7?j thou hast brought us forth, Je. 2. 27 ; Jos. 2. 17 ; Ca. 5. 9 (for (>) in the final syllable comp. § 8. rem. 1 b).

6. All the persons of the plural follow one rule, as all the verbal forms end here alike in -1, and the suffixes have therefore no union- vowel. These are frequently written defectively, as Snjgh^ \ q^ 13. 3? which, of course, is immaterial.

II. On the In-eenttive oe Kae.

7. The shortened form s®P is found most fre- quently before the suffixes B3 & |3, &?••?- y°w eating, Ge. 3. 5, E3*1E>^ your saying, Mai. 1.7; somewhat less frequent are forms like ErmjJ De. 27. 4 ; DD"1VI? Le. 23. 22. The same inconstancy is found before the suff. *[, e. g. T$)} thy passing over, De. 29. 11 ; TO^ thy hearing, 2 Ki. 22. 19 ; but also T\$V. Ob. 1 1 ; ^?$ Ge. 2. 17. There is also a form TO? Le. 23. 22, which agrees with E?1VP in the same verse.

8. When the middle letter is a guttural it takes (t:) instead of simple Sheva, e. g. nn3 my choosing, Eze. 20. 5 ; MnK their loving, Ho. 9.10; and in the 2 pers,, Kamets-Hhatuph, as CDDKD Is. 30. 12, and so also (with 1) MfJ? De. 20. 2.'

9. An anomalous form, otherwise found with guttural (comp. § 13. rem. 12) is QJSXfa for lDNV^1 Ge. 32. 20. In the same way some ex- plain the form DDipKfa for D3pg>| Am. 5. 11 ; this, however, may be regarded as a form of Poel (§ 6. No. 1).

10. The inf. ?®p assumes with suffix the form h^ (comp. § 35. rem. 10), also ?P5, with CD only the form ?£i? is used. As WIS my opening, Eze. 37.13; Dyp? their cleaving, Am. 1.13; )*W? to hinder him, Zee. 3. 1 ; ^VPI thy stamping, Eze. 25-6; DD?3nJ> to be gracious to you, Is. 30. 18. With the middle guttural toj?B? to drive him on, Ju. 13. 25.

Sect. XVI.]

REGULAR VERB WITH SUFFIXES.

31

III. On the Imperative oe Kal.

11. Examples are — ■?!?£ remember me, Je. 15. 15; •inD"n pursue him, Ps. 34. 15 ; 03^)3 wnYe them, Pr. 3. 3 ; n">V3 (with euphonic Dagesh) preserve them, Pr. 4. 13, or (in the other form of the suffix) like nnria Is. 30. 8.

"When a guttural happens to be in the final syl- lable, the vowel of the final syllable is retained and lengthened to Kamets, as *3#DI£> hear me, Ge. 23. 11 ;

WW hear #> JoD 5- 27 ; ?2?$ love her\ Pr- 4- 6-

Plur'. WW hear me, Ge. 23.8; ^iW ash me, Is. 45. 11.

IV. On the Future of Kae.

12. The verbs future A (§ 8. rem. 13), to which belong all those with 2nd and 3rd radical guttural, retain this A-sound in the sing, and pi., and besides, lengthen Pattahh to Kamets ; e. g. *3t$a?* he will clothe me, Job 29. 14 ; DK>3^. Ex. 29. 30, comp. Ca. 5. 3 ; n|n3?& De. 28. 30; mW- Ex- 6- 125 '^D8J Ge. 29. 32, comp. also Job 22. 27 ; Je. 42. 5. PJw. «lA«J» they pollute him, Job 3. 5 ; ^3* Is. 62. 5 ; •in^m; Job 20. 8, &c. An example, where this is not the case, is "H^fcO and I shod thee, Eze. 16. 10.

Afew examples are already given above (§ 8. rem. 14) in which there are some traces left of the O-sound, either by (t:) or -1 , in the final syllable before suffix.

13. Besides the union-vowel, there is another mode of connecting the suffix with the verbal form, by means of an inserted 3 or the syllable 3—, 3—, 3—, commonly called epenthetic Nun. It is found only with the future before the suffix of the singular, and usually in pause. E. g. <,J^*T.55'1 he will honour me, Ps.50.23; ^m Iwillpluck'thee,Je.22.24:; WflJJE

he passes over it, Je. 5. 22 ; ■liljD'iy. he will bless him, Ps. 72. 15, comp. De. 32. 10 ; Ex'. 15. 2. This 3 is for the most part assimilated to the suffix, and hence the separate form of the suffixes with epenthetic Nun in the paradigm.

14. By a Syriacism, the suffixes are sometimes attached, without a union-vowel, to the form j-vlpj?* with the paragogic Nun. E. g. *35jtOj?* they shall call me, Pr. 1.28; ^3-IKSp* ibid. ; V^W\ they shall praise thee, Ps. 63. 4; ^Trgfr. they shall serve thee, Is. 60. 7, 10; *flJ3?2! it shall pass it, Je. 5. 22; \&X$?\ they shall tale him, Pr. 5. 22 ; £3-1 &*¥?*. they shall find her, Je. 2. 24. With a union-vowel occurs *33-1K31* they crush me, Job 19. 2, for which Athias's bible reads *33-1tf|n* more consistently with analogy. .

V. On Piel and Hiphil with Sueeix.

15. Examples of Piel are — Pret. 1V?i? he gathers thee, De. 30. 3 ; ^3"}3 he blesses thee, De. 2. 7. Inf. B3PD1 your pitying, Is. 30. 18 ; E3!p"lS your spreading out, Is. 1. 15; 03*?-^ your destroying, Eze. 5. 16. Fat. *J¥?J2 he will gather thee,~De. 30. 4; tI^PS I will pollute thee, Eze. 28. 16 ; ^?D'K I will gather thee, 2 Ki. 22. 20; Q3V^X«: / will strengthen you, Job 16. 5. Part. DJgKjM? who sanctifies you, Ex. 31. 13.

The same is observed in Poel, e. g. ^JPP'H&S / will extol thee, Is. 25. 1.

In a few instances Tseri has been retained, even before % as ^bta I will send thee, Ge. 31. 27; *JD^? Je. 28. 16 ; Tl^$ she will honour thee, Pr. 4. 8.

16. The only example, in which the form of Tseri is a&sumed in Hiph. before suffix (by a Syriacism) is •13 W for WTBte he will enrich him, 1 Sa. 17. 25.*

* Here, however, must be added *JW for ^Tlil De. 32. 7; D3J£" for D3JW Is. 35.4.

32

IRREGULAR VERB— PE NUN.

[Sect. XVII.

	TABLE G.	VERB PE NUN	Q't).
	KAL.	NIPHAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.
Pret. 3. m.	l-T	mi	B&an	B?an
3./.	i	nmi	t r •	n^an it : •-.
2. m.		t : i- •	nmn	riK>an
2./.		nmi	mzn	nis>an
1. c.	regular	Wti	wan	wan
Plur. 3. c.		•iK>aa	•i^i n	•i^an i : \
2. m.		Dfifc>aa	oiwn	nmzn
2./.		I£^	Ig^in	]§f*n
1. c.		MKJi	•i^an	•wan
Inf. absol.	IT	£>aan 1 T •	&»an	K>an
constr.	n^ji	£>aan l"T •	^,ID
Imp. m.	£>a	man	^nn
/•	*K>a r :	*£>aan r :it •	^n	wanting
Plur, m.	&B>I	■i£>aan i :it •	■i&j»an
/.	na^j	T": |"T •.	n^an
Fut. 3. m.	BW	£>a3> l"T •
3./.	£>afi		B>*an	£>an
2. m.	£>afi 1- •		fe^S	2>Jfl
2./.	*twn		• r -	^an
1. c.	fiS^JK	regular	B^JK	£>aK
Plur. 3. m.	*BPI*		•IfeW	«pl*
3./.	na^an t ; |- •		fwan t : i" ~	na£j>an t : i- ••.
2. m.	•i^nn		•i^aa	•i^an i : \
2./.	t : i- •		H3^.5	na^afl t : i~ "..
1. c.	Bsjga	-	r-	KJI}
Fut. apoc.			BJI!
Part. act	^aa	WM	tfyjg	£>an IT '..
pass.	e^aa 1 T

Sect. XVII.]

IRREGULAR VERBS-PE NUN.

33

SECTION XVII.— VERBS |'fi.

REMARKS.

I. On Kal.

1. Inf. constr. In some instances both the full, regular, and the defective forms are found in one and the same verb, in others the irregular only are in use. E. g. gj? to touch, Ge. 20. 6, with suff. WJJ Le. 15. 23, but also T\VJ 2 Sa. 14. 10; gb? to plant, Is. 51. 16 ; Je. 1. 10, but also WD Ec. 3. 2 ; |h? Ge. 38. 9 ; Nu. 20. 21, along with fin for HJFI . Examples without the defective forms are — 1VJ to preserve, Pr. 2. 8, &? to fade, Is. 34. 4 ; DpJ fo <we^e, Eze. 24. 8 ; 25. 12. An example of the inf. with suff. is iflfl Ge. 33. 3.

2. In the imp. the defective form has Pattahh as well as Tseri and Hholem, comp. 65>J 2 Sa. 1. 15; #| Ge. 19. 9; Wl Ru. 2. 14; Ml Jos. 3. 9 ; 1 Sa. 14. 38. Other examples are— V put off, Ex. 3. 5 ; fa give, Ge. 14. 21.

These forms frequently take parag. H, and then the vowel is lost ; e. g. H^Jp give ; HK>| Jraw wear, &c. (comp. § 8. rem. 11).

Examples of the full regular form are — W®} leave, Pr. 17. 14; -VTrt vow ye, Ps. 76. 12; WP? ^&m* ye, 2 Ki. 19. 29.

3. Future. Examples of the full regular form occur even in verbs not Ayin-guttural,* but invariably only when the contracted form is likewise found in use ; as itWJfi Is. 58. 3, and m\ De. 15. 2 (to oppress); tf^fl Ps. 68. 3, and *l'T Ps. 1. 4 (fo rfnwe) ; "lbf. Je. 3. 5, and *lty Ps. 103. 9 (to preserve) ; ^\ Ps, 78. 7 ; 140. 2 ; 61. 8, and "ft* (to preserve) ; 3pj» Job 40. 24, and ^1 Le. 24. 11 (fo Sore through).

The vowel Pattahh in the final syllable is found only in a few other verbs besides 6?M of the paradigm; e. g. ^. De. 28. 40, p$! Ge. 41. 40 ; the future O, however, occurs most frequently. Future E occurs only in the verb \Tb .

II. On Niphal.

4. Since Piel has sometimes also Pattahh in the second syllable (§ 10. rem. 1), it follows that the pret. of Niph. and Piel are occasionally similar in form,

and can only be distinguished by the context. E. g. nm (to descend), Niph. in Ps. 38. 3, and Piel in Ps. 18. 35 ; 65. 11 ; Dj?3 (to he avenged) Niph. in 1 Sa. 14. 24, and Piel in 2 Ki. 9. 7 ; Je. 51. 36 ; and so Kf ? (to be borne) comp. Ex. 25. 28, and 1 Ki. 9. 11. With regard to 6PJ3 Is. 3. 5, it is doubtful whether it is Piel or Niph., since the construction admits of either.

5. The only example of an inf. absol. is Sp33 Ju. 20. 39.

III. On Hiphil and Hophal.

6. In a very few instances only is 3 retained in Hiphil, as T^Df1 to pour out, Eze. 22. 20 ; %J2 to cause to fall, Nu. 5. 22 ; with gutturals, as fife^l and they shod them, 2 Ch. 28. 15, ^/Djn I have given

for an inheritance, Je. 3. 18.

7. In Hophal, the form with Kibbuts is general, and the only exception is -1p^?n they were drawn away, Ju. 20. 31.

IV. In General.

8. The anomalies of the verbs j'f£ are also in part exhibited in the verb rtj2? , in which / is treated like the Nun of these verbs. Hence imp. HP (seldom T\]h, as Ex. 29. 1), nnij, ♦!$?, -inp (seldom *nj£, as 1 Ki. 17. 11); fut. nj5>"; inf. abs. nip!?, constr. HHp (once rinp 2 Ki. 12. 9), with suff. WP ; Hoph. fut. nj5\ ; but Niph. always like np?3 .

Some of the old grammarians (as Buxtorf Thes. Gramm. p. 154) derive tyfi? they are broken out, (spoken of the teeth), Job 4. 10, from VTw , and com- bine it with Wfi?P. The Nun, however, in this word is perfectly certain, so that VT)) is the same as T££, and the verb with Lamed is to be rejected.

9. The verb |r^ (to give) has this peculiarity, that the final Nun is likewise assimilated, at least so in the pret. and inf. of Kal. Hence ££3 , ^t>3 , DAn? ; inf. nn for njFl , with suff. W , &c. nriFI 2 Sa. 22. 44, is by aphseresis for nJRflJ of the parallel passage, Ps. 18. 44.

Most of the verbs Ayin-guttural are perfectly regular, as Yi$)\; ?0^,

34

IRREGULAR VERBS-AYIN DOUBLED.

Sect XVIII.

		TABLE H.	VERB AYIN DOUBLED {V"V). §	66.
		KAL.		NIPHAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.	POEL.	POAL.
Pret. 3. m.		no i-		3D3 |-T	3DH	3D-1H	331D	33TD
3./.		n3D t r		H2D3 T |-T	naon T |" ••	H3D-1H T |-	H331D it : i	H331D it : i
2. m.		ni3D T 1 _		ni2D3 t i - :	niSDH t i • -;	niap-in	fl331D t : i-	D331D
2./.		ni3D		ni3Di	n\3DH I • -:	niap-in	ri331D	D331D
1. c.		*ni3D		*ni3DJ	*ni3Dn	*ni3D-in	*A33iD	*fl33iD
Plur. 3. c.		•13D i-		•13D3 l~T	•13DH	•i3D-in i-	•133b i : i	•1331D
2. m.	DniaD		Dniaca	Dni3Dn	Dniap-in	Dfi33iD	Dri33iD
2./.		Ijnisp		jniaco	Ipispn	jniap-in	|p331D	IE>?3iD
I. c.		•1J13D		wiaw	fctapq	•ijisp-in	•13331D	•13331 D
Inf. aoso£.		nino 1 T		31 DH	3DH 1" T	3D-in	331D	331D
constr.		3b		2BH	n,D1?
Imp. m.		3D		3DH i- •	3DH 1" T		331D
P/wr. m.		*ab • i •12b i		•12Dn	*3DH . ,.. T •i3Dn 1" T	wanting	*331D v : i •1331D	wanting
/.		n^3D T IV *..		nyasn	fwaon t iv • ~:		D3331D t : i"
Fut. 3. m.				313"' r •	3D* 1" T	(3D*) 3D-1*	(3D*) 331D*	331D* i- :
3b* 1 T		3D* i •
3./.	nbn		3DD	3Dfl	3Dn 1" T	awn	331DA	331 Dm
2. w.	abn 1 T		3DFI	3Dfi	3Dfl 1" T	3D-in	33iDn	331DA
2./.	*3bn • 1 T		*3Dfi	*3Dfi • r •	*3Dfi	*3D-1fl	*33ion	*33iDD I- : i :
1. c.	aba 1 T		3DK	3DK	3DK 1" T	3D-1X	331DK	331DK
Plur. 3. m.	1 T		•13D*	•13D* i~ •	•13D*	•13D-1*	•1331D* i : i :	•1331D* i : i :
3./.	rwaon t iv ••. :		t : i •	T |V ~ •	n^aon	m*3D-in T IV ~ |	maaion t ;i" :	ruaaiDn t : i_ : •
2. m.	1 T		•13DF1	•i3Dn	•13Dfi	•13D1fi	•133'lDfl	•inniDJji
2./.	na*3Dn t iv ••. :		rmbn	ru*SDn	n^3on t iv • :	rwab-in T IV " |	ruaaton t :i- :	rU331Dfi
1. c.	3DJ		3D3	ap?	3DJ i"t	3D-Y3	331D3	331 D?
Fut. with Vav	cony. 30*1 T IT"				30*1 V it-
Part. ac£.	nniD i"			3DJ IT T	3Dtt	3D-1D IT	331DD	331DE
-pass.	nno

I. On Kal.

1. In the pret. there occur a few examples of middle 0 (according to ?3J, § 8. rem. 1), as \1&\ they

SECTION XVIIL— VERBS tf'tf.

REMARKS.

are lifted up, Job 24. 24 (for •Iftbl) ; -13-j they shoot

arrows, Ge. 49. 23 (for !|33,1), by which form it is dis- tinguished from '12H they are many.

Sect. XVIII.]

IRREGULAR VERBS -AYIN DOUBLED.

35

Examples, in which the geminate letter is a guttural, are — *$"*?! and I curse, Mai. 2. 2; *fliriK> Iivas bowed down, Ps. 35. 14; -inv Mey are bright, La. 4. 7 (the two last with dag. forte implied, comp. § 14. rem. 1).

When conversive Vav is prefixed to the preterite, the tone is shifted from the penultima to the ultimate (comp. § 8. rem. 7); e. g. -HIT} and tJiey shall be quick, Hab. 1.8; n2"]| and she will be great, Is. 6. 12. The tone is, however, also found upon the ultimate with- out any apparent cause ; as -1^1 Ps. 3. 2 ; w\> Je. 4. 13 ; •13T Job 15. 15 ; &1 Is. 38. 14 ; -W Ps. 73. 9 ; -131 Ps. 55. 22 ; WW Hab. 3. 6, and in the first person, *p&1 Ps. 116. 6; nwi Is. 44. 16; *pi3B? De. 32. 41.

2. Hholem of the im/!, /mp. and y^. (2D, 3D^, answering to ?bj? , ?bp from which they originated), being a pure vowel, is written defectively. There are, however, some few exceptions, especially in the later orthography ; e. g. inf. V\2? to plunder, Est. 3. 13 ; 8. 11 ; imp. ^ Ps. 37. 5 (comp. hh Ps. 22. 9), EH be silent, stand still, Jos. 10. 12; Ps. 37. 7 ; *Bfa Ps. 62. 6; iW fontf together, Is. 8. 16; -l^ip ya^er, Zep. 2. 1 ; fut. Wl he becomes powerful, Da. 11. 12 ; J^W ^Aey gather themselves together, Ps. 94. 21 ; ?bj1 a/MZ ^e gave fodder, Ju. 19. 21 Khethib, (Keri

TT-y

3. The common form of the inf., lb, is shortened before Makkeph into "2D, e. g. 73 to sAowtf, Job 38. 7; with suff. like iprja w^m ^e established, Pr. 8. 27.

Other verbs have the form 2D (according to 3?^), e. g. ^ fo bow down, Je. 5. 26 ; 73? 1° lay 1° the ground, Is. 45. 1 ; with suff. D|^? because they have erred, Ge. 6. 3 ; VX& to select them, Ec. 3. 18 ; An (from ^H) A/s shining, Job 29. 3.

A form with the fern, designation (comp. § 8. rem. 10) is fljp to break (from fljn) Is. 24. 19, used as an inf. absol. Here belong doubtless also the forms rt®# to lay waste, Eze. 36. 3 ; n'^PI to be gracious, Ps. 77. iO ; Hp'l?n my being wounded, Ps. 77. 11 ;*p153t my thinking, Ps. 17. 3 ; all of which, according to their occurrence, must be taken as infinitives of the verbs °W, i^n, ??ns DOT, and can only be regarded as original plurals, after the form W, fern. PI|B\

4. Besides the form 2D of the amp., there is

another with Pattahh,

-oil, Ps. 119.22: with

parag. H, as H"JX (for ITW) cwrse, Nu. 22. 6.*

Before suffixes the tone is shifted to the afform- ative, and the vowel before dagesh is shortened from Hholem to Kamets-hhatuph ; e. g. n-1?D cast her up, Je. 50. 26 ; but sometimes also with-

out suffix, e.

Ml shear,

Je. 7. 29 ; Je. 31. 7;

'pT shout, ^n keep a

Zee. 2. 14; ifl Is. 44. 23;

festival, Na. 2. 1.

Before parag. H the tone remains, hence fWJJ 5e strong, Ps. 68. 29. fa?g curse him, Nu. 23. 13, has

epenthetic Nun before the suffixes.

5. When the future receives conversive Vav, the tone is drawn back to the penultima, and Hholem is changed into Kamets-hhatuph, T3J1 and he shaved, Job 1. 20, 2DJ1 and he compassed, Ju. 11. 18, bfijl am£ Ae troubled, Ex. 14. 24; but in pause DHJ1 2 Sa. 22. 15 Keri. (The form here is precisely the same as in the verbs VrV).

The same change of Hholem takes place, when the tone is shifted to the afformatives at the addi- tion of suffixes, e. g. ty.%) may he be gracious unto us, Ps. 67. 2 ; 123. 2 ; -in-ljinij) ye shall solemnize it, Ex. 12. 14 ; D^ he shall destroy them, Pr. 11. 3 Keri ; or Kibbuts is chosen instead, e. g. ^gfo; Ge. 27. 12 • Jjjn*, ■13311* he will be gracious to thee, him, Nu. 6. 25; Iff.27.il."

In ^3 IT Ae iwiB be gracious unto thee, there is a transposition of the vowels, for *J?n*. .

6. The future A (comp. § 8. rem. 13) of these verbs, which are often mistaken for an anomalous form of Niph., has Tseri under the preformative. The examples which occur of these are — 19* it is bitter, Is. 24. 9 (from T>9) ; '$$1 and I am despised, Ge. 16. 5 ; *?\>B ver. 4 ; fe from ^2\> ; Dffi # w &>*, De. 19. 6 ; Eze. 24. 11 ; toffi Ho. 7. 7 (from DDP1), along with Dnj Is. 44. 16 ; DH^X i" am blameless, Ps. 19. 14 (along with DW. of a different signification) with Yod as a mater lectionis, which, however, is omitted in several MSS.

As a future A, with Kamets under the preformative, may be regarded in* it is sharpened, Pr. 27. 17 ("102 in the second member is to be taken as a Chaldaizing fut. of Hiph. for W comp. rem. 14).

* This view is grounded upon the supposition that the Kamets under 8 of the form rHK in the last verse is lengthened from Pattahh. The form *pVDj?, however, which is found in the same chapter, ver. 17, being an analogous form (from 23£), proves this vowel to be Kamets-hhatuph, shortened from Hholem on account of the loss of the accent before Makkeph. It is also to be observed that the form i"Ilj5 has unnecessarily been derived by some from 3j?3, for fQj£3=nilpJ«

36

IRREGULAR VERBS-AYXN DOUBLED.

[Sect. XVIII.

II. On Niphal.

7. Besides the usual form with Pattahh in the second syllable, as exhibited in the paradigm, there are two others to be met with throughout the whole of this conjugation, with Tseri and Hholem (like

tep, tee, 5>b».

Examples with Tseri : —

Ptet. b\>!) it is a light thing, 2 Ki. 20. 10; Is. 49. 6

(along with ^j?J 2 Ki.3.18). DD3 it faints, Ps.22. 15 ;

n2D3 she is turned, Eze. 26. 2. Inf. DftH to melt, Ps. 68. 3, bnT} to be polluted, Eze.

20. 9, 14 ; with suff. i^HH Le. 21. 15. Fut. pHFl she is polluted, Le. 2 1 . 9, which, however, may

also be taken as a fut. of Hiph., she begins. Part. DfcM dissolved, refuse, 1 Sa. 15. 9.

"T ' J '

Examples with Hholem : —

Pret. fcto they are rolled together, Is. 34. 4, -VTiM they are cut off, Na. 1. 12; •VT3-3 they are spoiled, Am. 3. 11; P*13 he is broken, Eze. 29. 7; -IJSpJ they loathe them- selves, Eze. 6. 9.

Inf. abs. twice in Is. 24. 3, T13fl f\1T\\ fJKPI pM pUil £/ie Zand s/iaW 6e emptied and spoiled.

Imp. -1S"in rise up, Nu. 17. 10.

Fut. P"IPI fAoM art 6ro&ew, Eze. 29. 7 ; *tiftT\ thou shalt be cut off, Je. 48. 2 (along with •IDT 1 Sa. 2. 9) ; •1EDT //ie?/ are raised wp, Eze. 10. 17.

Note. Since the fut. of Kal may likewise have dag. forte in the first radical (according to the analogy of the Chaldee, see rem. 14), and since the last syllable may in both conjugations have either the vowel A or E, it follows that in some forms it may become doubtful as to whether they are to be taken as Kal or Niphal. Thus, for instance, D1V has been taken as the fut. of Niphal ; but this and its plural -1DIT differ in signi- fication from •1SPI1, which latter is undoubtedly Niphal, so that the former must be taken as Kal.

8. In the preterite and participle there occurs, besides the usual form with Kamets under the pre- formative, another with Hhirek and Tseri, especially when the first radical happens to be a guttural, as ?n} he tuas profaned (from '7%); ID.? he is pitied (from |3n). These forms may be explained in a twofold manner ; either that the usual form of Niphal, /QP) , is here at the foundation, so that ?H3 stands for /?D? , like 3D3 , for 22pD , or they are Chal-

daizing forms referred to below (rem. 14). The latter seems the most suitable explanation, {a) because that Chaldaizing formation is found in all the conjuga- tions besides Niphal, and were probably not wanting in this ; (b) because the doubling of the last radical before the afformatives is omitted in these as well as in the Chaldaizing forms referred to below.

9. The future 1 pers. *|3K / bow down, Mi. 6. 6, stands for SJ3R comp. § 9. rem. 5.

III. HlPHIL.

10. Instead of Tseri, in the final syllable of Hiphil, the vowel Pattahh is frequently found throughout the whole of this conjugation, not only when one radical happens to be a guttural, as in ">£D he has embittered, Job 27.2; *spB he has intimidated, Job 23. 16; inf. "15$ to cleanse, Je. 4. 11, and in pause, as tnp he cuts off, Is. 18. 5,f but even in the absence of these acci- dents, as pret. pi ft he stamped small, 2 Ki. 23. 15; ?PD he made light, Is. 8. 23 ; -IBipn they intimidated, De. 1.28, topn 1 Sa. 5. 10; MS#h Je. 10. 25 ; 2 Sa. 20. 18 ; inf. pin to beat in pieces, 2 Ch. 34. 7 ; part. ^£> shading, Eze. .31. 3.

1 1 . In the future the accent is drawn back to the penultima, on account of which Tseri is shortened to Segol, (a) after conversive Vav, as ?.J*1 and he rolled down, Ge. 29. 10 ; ^D*l and he covered, Job 38. 8 ; (b) before a monosyllabic word, as ^ ^ Ps. 91. 4.

"With gutturals Pattahh is used instead of Segol, as &"*nC he straitens him, 1 Ki. 8. 37 ; "TCP) ^ De. 2. 9. An example with suffix is ^P) Eze. 47. 2.

IV. In General.

12. The verbs V"V are closely related to the verbs V'V, as appears from the similarity in their conjuga- tions, which are parallel throughout. In form the verb V"V is generally shorter than the other (comp. d-TpJ and 3DJ, D^pn and SDH). In some cases they have precisely the same form, as in the fut. convers. of Kal and Hiphil, in Hophal, &c. On account of this relation they have sometimes borrowed forms from each other. Thus, for instance,

(a) Kal inf., 1-12^ for ilh to search out, Ec. 9. 1. With suffix ip-ina for IpnS Pr. 8. 29. Fut. |-n> he shouts for fV Pr. 29. 6 ; |TI} he breaks, for fTj Is. 42. 4.

(6) Hiph. inf. SJitfflfJ* for SJBJ^I thy ceasing, Is. 33. 1.

t This last only assumes the form as if from 1\F\, but is to be derived from ?NF) q. v.

* The forms, however, as »|J?*rirj, Dj?.*!&jj, \T^T}\ find their analogy in nouns in which, instead of sharpening the syllable

Sect. XVIIL]

IRREGULAR VERBS— AYIN DOUBLED.

37

Fut. Dp.^lN!* for DpIN I beat them small, 2 Sa. 22. 43; &&1 Je. 49. 20, and D^3 Nu. 21. 30, he, she shall lay waste (for which comp. rem. 14), from D»K>; pni* and she broke, Ju. 9. 53 ; jriW he terrifies them, for fAIT*, Hab. 2. 17. This is fre- quently the case in the Chald. e. g. -I?^^ Aph. °f hhy Ca. 2. 5. Targ.

13. Besides the contracted defective forms hitherto treated upon, there are also found, especially in cer- tain conjugations and tenses, others which are quite regular, as: —

Kal pret. -I/?1! they languish, Is. 19. 6, also -1?1 Job

28. 4; ibh\ they roll, Ge. 29. 3, 8, but *flA| Jos.5.9;

*$£»{ I devise, Zee. 8. 14, 15, and ^n'lST Ps. 17. 3.

Thus it is with TT3 to plunder, 11£ to measure, 11£> n • "T T T

to spoil, 7?& to rob, &c.

Inf. 2hp Nu. 21. 4, and ID De. 2. 3, so tfl, 11£>; with

suff. D?33fl a/ow pitying, Is. 30. 18. Imp. ^33311 (like *3?pp.) /mwe mercy upon me, Ps. 9. 14,

elsewhere *3311 Ps. 4. 2 ; 6. 3 ; -lll^ spoiZ ye, Je.

49.28, for W. Fut. |3jT toe i^i/Z ftaue mercy, Am. 5. 15. With suff.

D11I2". he shall spoil them, Je. 5. 6, but also £F\p\

Pr. 11.3. Hiph. pret. fOll, fut. 1*31* (to sftowi) is nowhere found

written defectively ; *ftJ3Hni and I break, Je. 49. 37

(but also flifinil thou hast broken, Is. 9. 3). Inf.

DO^n laying waste, Mi. 6. 13. Part. DWD

astonished, Eze. 3. 15.

V. Chaldaisms.

14. In a great number of these verbs the vowel of the preformative in Kal, Niphal, Hiphil, and Hophal is a short instead of a long vowel, and Dag. forte is inserted in the next (first radical) letter. This forma- tion is general in the Chaldee, as Peal fut. pVl* for for P'T (from ppl) ; Aph. pret. PIN for piK, Heb. pin , fut. pi*, for pi* . That this Dagesh in the first radical is a compensation for the one omitted in the second radical, is evident from the forms with af-

formatives in which the Dagesh is wanting in the second radical, as -IpT., -Ip^, -Ip*5]!. Examples in the Hebrew are : —

Kal fut. 3D* and 3D* (from 33D) ; ti% pi. -1D1* (from Dttl) ; DB>* shall be established, 1 Ki. 9. 8, but pi. •Ifcfcfc Ps.40. 16; so ip\, pi. -Hj5* (to 6ow down) from l^i? . Examples of fut. A are — -lDfi* Ps. 1 02 . 28 ; •fe* Job 24. 24 ; Ps. 37. 2 ; with Kibbuts in the final syllable, DfiPl Eze. 24. 1 1 (comp. the forms with •1 in the regular verb, § 8. rem. 14).

Niph. pret. 7H3 he is polluted, Eze. 25. 3 ; 1113 he is burned, Ps. 69.4; 102.4 (but also 1113 Je. 6. 29), pi. -11113 Ca. 1.6; ni!3 he is broken, terrified, Mai. 2.5; 113113 thou art to be pitied, Je. 22. 23. Part. D*1K3 cursed, Mai. 3. 9 ; D*E)ri3 inflamed, Is. 57. 5 (without Dagesh as in -110)1* above).

Hiph. fut. 3D*1 Ex. 13. 18 ; DJlJl Job. 22. 3 ; S>ll* Nu. 30.3; and />lli$ shall be profaned (with Dag. forte impl. in II) to distinguish it from ?n*, /IIN to begin; pi. •1J13*1 awrf Mey destroyed, De. 1.44, with suff. D-lllS**. Nu. 14. 45 ; *3D*lt Ju. 18. 23 ; 1 Sa. 5. 8.§

Hophal 113* Is. 24. 12, with Shurek 3D-*.* Is. 28. 27 ;

1$V Ho.' 10. 14 ; 1^-IJl Is. 33. 1 ; D^.l Le. 26. 34

- *

(Dagesh is here incorrectly omitted in several copies) ; pi. !DJ3Jlf Job 4. 20; Je.46. 5.

15. We have seen from the preceding examples, that in the future of the Chaldee form the Dagesh of the third radical, together with the preceding vowel, is omitted before afformatives. Of the same omission in the Hebrew form there are unquestion- able examples : —

Kal fut. 1^33 Ge. 11. 7, let us confound, for il?33 (from 7?3, with parag. 1) ; -lEtf* Ge. 11. 6, they will devise, for -IDT* (from DDT).

Niph. pret. J13D3 for 13D3 she turned round, Eze.41.7; np231 for ilp33 and she shall be made empty, Is. 19.3; fut. 1013 for 17313 (1 pers. pi. with parag. 1) Je. 8. 14, let us perish. This last, however, is best taken as Kal fut. (see No. 14), and let us be quiet. X

by Dagesh forte in the final consonant, the vowel is prolonged by the insertion of a vowel letter, as D*3*l'*.D 1 Ch. 21. 23, for D*|1*.» 2 Sa. 24. 22, feJ^S and SS^SpB, £1»*p and GJ113J?, &c— flFll may be thus pointed only to distinguish it from pfll Hiph. of f)1.

t The forms marked with f are the only examples in which the geminates have retained Dagesh in the lengthened form.

§ Here may also be added as examples for pret. and inf. of Hiph. JliVnil thou hast begun, De. 3. 24 ; 2. 31 ; rriWlil thou hast broken, Is. 9.3 ; inf. D?ni their beginning, Ge. 11. 6, in which Pattahh under the preformative seems to indicate a Dag. forte implicit.

+ In the examples given above both the Dagesh and the preceding vowel are omitted. In other examples the vowel is retained, and even prolonged by the pause, as -Ipl* for -Ip)!* Job 19. 23 ; -IDI* 1 Sa. 2. 9, for -1E1*.; ilVl she lives, Ex. 1. 16,

38

IRREGULAR VERBS— AYIN DOUBLED.

[Sect. XVIII.

16. In the Chaldee, both the epenthetic ) and st in those forms in which the Hebrew has them, and the Dagesh in the last radical, are omitted. The like formation is also fonnd in the Hebrew, by way of exception, especially in those forms which have likewise the Chaldaism of No. 14. E. g.

Kal pret. -ttpFI we are consumed, Ps. 64. 7, for -1211311 ;

fut. iwttFI they tingle, Je.19.3; rOpJpfl they consume

away, Zee. 14. 12. The two last, however, may be

Niphal. Niph. pret. fi?n3 (Dag. forte impl.) thou art polluted,

Eze. 22. 16 ; WrU thou art to be pitied, Je. 22. 23.

Instead of the epenthetic 1 there is co put in WWJ Mi. 2. 4, for OVntfj ive are destroyed.

17. In the Aramaic, the verbs V'rV borrow several forms from the verbs K'fV. An example of this kind in the Hebrew is TO&$^ (as it ought to be pointed) those that spoil thee, Je. 30. 16, in Khethib for T.D?'^.

Note. Other examples referred to in the Lehrgebaude (§ 103, 17) and by other grammarians are —

Niph. fut. DNE>? it melts, for DDE% Job 7. 5 ; pi. •1DKE% Ps.T58. 8.

Hiph. fut. •13,,K3ft 2 Ki. 3. 19, ye shall mar, for •I3,,33fi from 333 Syr. and Arab, to injure; part. "V^PP for THPP causing pain, Eze. 28. 24, fern. JYTKfilD Le. 13. 51, 52. A similar example is the noun DvKV Job 40. 21, for

.r r . v. v >

Sv?¥ shades, shady trees.

But this is unnecessary, since all these forms may be derived immediately from roots W$ , as DND, 3K3, 1KB, h^, as kindred roots of DDft, 333, &c>

18. In the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael these verbs are without any contraction. There is, however, one form which seems to be inflected like the Chaldee, Ithpeel or Ittaphal, viz. "Unn 2 Sa. 22. 27, thou showest thyself pure, for *n$fl*l of the parallel passage in Ps. 18. 27. In the Chaldee, the Ithpeel (passive of Kal) would be *>^K, fut. 130!, Ittaphal (passive of Hiphil) "13fitf5 precisely like the above form.-"1 This shorter form seems to be chosen for the sake of harmony with the immediately pre- ceding DSfifl Ps. 18. 26. A more difficult form is 7Sfi]yi ver. 27, which, according to the context, must necessarily be derived from ?J]S. This difficulty can only be solved by supposing that ^SFirjlFI (contr. ?5>fifi) is a transposition for ?fi2]}fi .

for n*n. Some of the like forms, however, occur without being in pause, as Htyn for H^H Pr. 7. 13 ; D^pPO Is. 57. 5, for D^pm ; comp. also T\ttT\ Ps. 71. 23, for rtfnFl (to avoid the concurrence of four Nuns),Tand n^JFI Ru. 1. 13, for iT^Pl.

* i. e. only as regards the preformatives T\7\ ; but as regards the second syllable, ")3Fir) must then be supposed to stand for 13rin, comp. "JpSJin for "IjpBnn § 12. rem. 5.

Sect. XIX.]

IRREGULAR VERBS— PE ALEPH.

39

	TABLE I.	VERB PE ALEPH	(X'	*)•
	KAL.	NIPHAL.		HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.
Pret. 3. m.	1" T	i- v:iv		i>pgh	l~ t;it
3. /.
2. m.
2. /.
1. c. Plur. 3. c.		Like the Verb Pe guttural	, in Paradigm C.
2. m.
2. /•
1. c.
Inf. absol.	bba	tear?
constr.	teg	tetfjD		^?*?:p	r t:it
Imp. m.	tea	texn		te«n
Pfor. m.	fax	ETC.		ETC.	wanting.
/•	nAbx
Fut. 3. m. 3. /.	ban	te*o ,.. T1..		^*?¥	i-t:it
2. m.	bain
2. /.	faa'D	ETC.		ETC.	ETC.
1. c.	bk
Plur. 3. m.	•few
3. /.	nfatffl
2. m.	faxn
2. /.	nfaxn
1. c.	te*»
Fut. tmta Fau conv.	tea*	- 5 l?^!
Part. ac£. pass.		itv:iv		^?^P	it t:it

SECTION XIX.— VERBS N'fi. (Table I.)

REMARKS.

I. On Fut. op Kajd. 1. The relation between Tseri and Pattahh in the final syllable is the same here as in the Piel pret.

of the regular verb (§ 10. rem. 1), and in several forms of the verb with gutturals (§ 15. rem. 1). That with Tseri seems, however, to be the original

40

IRREGULAR VERBS— PE ALEPH.

[Sect. XIX.

and here the peculiar form. Examples are — 13N* Job 3. 3, and 13# Job 20. 7 ; Wfl De. 22. 3, comp. inxn Job 8. 13; Ps. 1. 6; ^Kfl Ge. 2. 16, comp. ?5N'fl ver. 17, and so constantly TOfcJ* and ION*. The form with Tseri appears also in the plural, where this vowel is again introduced on account of the pause ; e. g. -l^pN* De. 18. 1, 8, comp. n?5'N1: that I may eat, Ge. 27. 4.

2. With conversive Vav, the tone is drawn back to the penultima, e. g. ??***! erne? Ae ate, Ge. 25. 34; 31. 15 ; "10XS1 awe? Ae spoke (where Tseri of the final syllable is shortened to Segol). But the tone is retained,

(a) "Where the word stands at the end of a period,

hence with a distinctive accent ; e. g. ?3N*1 Ge.

27. 25, 1»N»i Ge. 14. 19 ; Ex. 2. 14. (6) In the first person ; e. g. "Ijpfcl Ge. 20. 13 ; 24. 39 ;

7D"N1 Ge. 27. 33. This is precisely the case with

the verbs )"V in the first person.

The tone may, moreover, be drawn back on account of a monosyllabic word following it ; e. g. D1J ^?N* Job 3. 3.

3. Examples, in which K becomes quiescent in Tseri, are— nritffi she shall come, Mi. 4. 8 ; nntf / ivill love, Pr.*8. 17 (along with ink, Mai. 1.2); «0M <wm? Ae came, De. 33. 21 (for nriK* from nntf); Yjfl for v|K9 (from ?W) $Ae #oes away* In riNM emrf Ae came, Is. 41. 25, the K is indeed quiescent after Pattahh, but it is only so on account of being apocopated for n$S!, and properly stands for hS!l, and the vowel already in the syllable is retained.

4. Both forms (viz. the one in which N is quies- cent, and the other in which it is moveable) are found also in one and the same verb ; as TDKFI1 and it takes hold, De. 32. 41, also troup; HQD'K Mi. 4. 6 ; *)Dh 2 Sa. 6. 1 ; *)pn Ps. 104. 29, but also tfagj; 3HN* and 3Jjfc (comp. rem. 3), also 33«J. An example with a full Hholem is 7D1&5H (do / eat?) Ps. 50.13; several MBS., however, have it without 1 .

5. ^ which is regularly omitted in the first pers. fut., is also omitted in the following instances, W for 1-npN* Ps. 139. 20; TOfl 2 Sa. 19. 14:

•IfiSh! flmJ sAe oafotf »Y, 1 Sa.28.24; Kifi for nnKFI s^e is willing, Pr. 1. 10.

II. On the Inf. and Imp. of Kai.

6. In the inf. K is quiescent only in the frequent form *ti?&\? for ^EiO , but is otherwise moveable, as "ibgl De. 4. 10; -:ibg| Jos. 6. 8. In the imp. the Aramaic punctuation is often introduced, as -1£&? for •1S« Ex. 16. 23 ; -1*nfc? for VnK Is. 21. 12 ; 56. 9, 13

III. On the Ppet. of Niphae.

7. The only example is TDK J he has taken posses- sion of, Jos. 22. 9, along with the part. TpgJ held, Ge. 22. 13.

IV. On Hiphie and Hophae.

8. In the inf., imp., and/w^. of Hiphil, K is some- times quiescent after Hholem, Tseri, and Kamets, and then it is altogether omitted.

Inf. ^*rsn for S*DKn to eat, Eze. 21. 33.

Imp. Win for -VriKn fertng- (from PinK), Is. 21. 14;

Je. 12. 9. Fut. (a) with Hholem, as b*5*lN J /eed, Ho. 11.4;

rmk forjTT*V« (comp. § 11. rem. 7) = T\y*m I

ma&e treasures, Ne. 13. 13 ; rn*3tf 7 will destroy,

Je. 46. 8; *JBD& 1 Sa. 15. 6; "iPlh 2 Sa. 20. 5.

In the Chald. and Syr. this is the usual form, e. g.

75*1^ ; so m the Hebrew ') is likewise sometimes

substituted for &. (6) With Kamets, as 7>^*1 he separated, Nu. 11. 25;

}*m for |*TKK I hearken, Job 32. 11; ZHJI for l^XM

«nd /i<? se£ an ambush, 1 Sa. 15. 5. Part. i*T]p for |*TK» hearkening, Pr. 17.4.

9. In Hophal A?*V Eze. 42. 5, stands for -I^K* they are cut of, i. e. become shorter. In the Chal- dee of Daniel — as the Targums have no Hophal — there occurs a Hophal in the form *13-in Da. 7. 11.

V. On Pipe.

10. There are a few anomalous forms in Piel in which K is not quiescent, but entirely dropped with its preceding Sheva,. so that the preformative takes its place in the punctuation : viz. *£W31 and thou girdest me, 2 Sa. 22. 40, for *J1?*$$! in the parallel passage, Ps. 18. 40; T®$\ for T\2$$\ and I destroy thee, Eze. 28. 16; Mgfe for 0§W? out teacher, Job 35. 11 ; 7«T for?nN* 'shall pitch his tent, Is. 13. 20.

* The Tseri, however, in these forms is not the original vowel of the preformative, but is introduced in consequence of a contraction from the form in which K is moveable, so nriNJTI for HriNFl, comp. "ifotf? for ibfcO, DsrpSO for D*rPN&.

Sect. XX.]

IRREGULAR VERBS— PE YOD.

41

TABLE K.	VERB PE YOD S"Z	(orig. V'S).		Properly Pe	Yod^S).
		KAL.	NIPHAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.	KAL.	HIPHIL.
Pret. 3. m.		3K» 1- T	3B>H	amn	agfon	2W 1" T	a*p*D
3. /.			naena it : i	nygnn	it : i		na*b*n T i- ••
2. m.			na^to t : i"	flavin t .: i~	t : i~		??p*n
2. /•			napfa	i-ia^n	flavin		riap^n
1. c.		regular	V-Qjgfa	vojgnn	tfia^-in	regular	WP*Q
Plur. 3. c.			i : i	mpn	•laf-in		.ia*p>n
2.jn.			D,9?^	Dnamn iv : - i	DFia^-in		Dg3D*n
2. /.			W?^}	jfl^in	l^a^-in		IS?©*?
1. c.			•uag>'n	ttagnn	waeftn		wap*n
Inf. absol.	1 T				ate* 1 T	ap^n
constr.	n5F> ^P*	a^-jn	i^in	aswn ab» i- i :	a*tt*n p "
		4	a^jn	agnn	_	nPl	iw?)
i — Imp. m.	i"	r:
f.	>2W	»Bh*	»3P-in	♦anyin		*3B>	Kwn
	r :	■■ :*	r ; it •	r	wanting	* •	p ••.
Plur. m.	i :	¥t	•np-jn	•lan^in I-		*??*	•la^n
f.	mas?	natjh*	rua^-in	nankin		nana*	naab^n
	t :i"	t ; r:	t : i" t •	t : r*		t : r :
Fut. 3. m.	*&	EH*	3js*E	3W	a^V	3P'*	i **PV.
3. /.	?$B	Enron	a^-in ,.. T .	I*	a^-in	ap^n	a*ps5
2. m.	*$B	Bh*]-i		ywn	a^'-in	ap*n	a*p*fi
2. /.	*?F3	¥H*P	»a&$*in r : it •	wmn	T?B*lfl	r : r	*a^fi
1. c.	agte	PTK	3B>-1K	ytf)&	a^-iN	ap^	a*p^
Plur. 3. m.	*??{!	i : r	•law i : it*	wfv	•las^	•i?97.	•13^" p ••
3. /.	nan^n	mBh»n	rm&^n	ruaenn	ma^-in	naatyn	m3B»ri
	t : i- ••	t : i- •	t ; i" t •	t : i"	t : i-	t : i_ •	t : !•• ••
2. m.	i : i"	^Bh*n	•n^in	•la^in	2)af-in	•lap^n	ta*p*n
2. f.	rmfc>n	ruBh^n	ruasMn	rm^'in	rua^-in	rmt^n	maib*fl
	t : i- ••	t : i- •	t : i" t •	t : i"	t : i-	t : i- •	t : i" ••
1. c.	*$?.	Bh»a	3#}9	a^u	a^-13	ap^	a^.
Fut. apoc.				•2W\s			npv.
Fut. M'if/i Fay	conv.	ae^i		^*1		ap*i,	ri?*i
Part. _ act.		ag"	IT	a*K>i»	a^-iD |T	at?*	a^P
pass.		n'Tr				a-its* 1 T

SECTION XX.— VERBS >"S. (Table K.)

EXPLANATORY.

1. The Hebrew verbs US are divided into three principal j form, but in the inflexion and derivation. By far the greater classes the distinction of which is not manifest in the ground- I number are : —

42

IRREGULAR VERBS— PE YOD.

[Sect. XX.

(a) Verbs originally V'S, which in the Arabic are written with 1 in the ground-form, e. g. \?l, Arab. 1?), IT, Arab. Til . In the Hebrew, the radical Vav appears only in the conjugations Niphal, Hiphil, and Hophal, but so that in the pret. and part, of Niphal it becomes quiescent in Hholem, and in the Hophal in Shurek, as n^3 for 1^13 , l^M for Wll, n^-hl for SB^n. In the inf., imp. and future of Niphal, the Vav remains a consonant, and the inflexion is regular, as 2^-1 H, 2KW; and so likewise in the Hithpael of

some verbs, V^?), n^H, Myjil, from JJT, H?J, JIT.

(6) Verbs originally VrD, which are the same in the Arabic. In the Hiphil the original Yod is retained quiescent in Tseri, as n>p*n, W^n, p^H, |*D*n, and is but seldom moveable, e. g. Dy*0*0 who use the right hand, 1 Ch. 12. 2; iTWfa they are upright, Pr. 4. 25 ; comp. "iK^n Ps. 5. 9, Keri.

(c) A few verbs, the Yod of which is assimilated like 3 in verbs f"2, e. g. VTr Hiph. ^Sil.

REMARKS.

On the first class or verbs originally 1*B.

I. Kal.

1. In the f ut. imp. and inf. constr. of Kal there is a twofold form. About half the number of these verbs have the fut. E. Hence fut. 3B>?!, contracted 3^V. , but written, without exception, defectively 2W ; imp. n^ (by aphmresis) for 1^! ; inf. n^f for nn^> (with the fern, termination H— , to distinguish it from the imp. The other half have /«£. A, and retain Yod quiescent in Hhirek, as wy\ , imp. Vh\ , inf. ID* to lay the foundation, Is. 51. 16; W1\^ to be dry, Is. 27. 11. To the first mode of inflexion belong, for instance, *v} fo Smr; ^ to go ; #>*$\ to go out; T1J fo <?o down; 1$\ to sit.

Those of the latter class take Pattahh instead of Tseri in the final syllable when it has guttural or 1 ; e. g. JTE, imp. JH, inf. njH (from JJT to jbto) ; 3H, pi. -nn ^ (from 3nj) ; Tg* Ps. 72. 14 (from 1J3J to be precious) ; ^SX , however, in Is. 10. .16, is an instance with Pattahh where the syllable does not contain a guttural.

2. In some verbs the full forms occur along with the defective, as IB* De. 32. 22, and Ig*. Is. 10. 16 (from 1% to barn) ; !&\ 1 Sa. 18. 30, and TJ??. Ps. 72. 14 (from Tj2J fo 5e precious) ; imp. £h 1 Ki. 21. 15, BH De. 2. 24, 31, but also BH*, in pause with H parag. n^: De. 33. 23 ; PV 2 Ki."4. 41, and p"**: Eze. 24. 3 (from PV* to pour out) ; TTJ Ju. 5. 13, and frequently T! (from TJ* to go down).

A full form with Tseri is exhibited in IpV. Ps. 72. 14, and rD^'H I will go, Mi. 1. 8.

The form 6?"?* is frequently written defectively, but this is not an essential difference ; e. g. NT.1 1 Sa. 18.12; INT (with Metheg) 2 Ki. 17. 28; B>n* Job 8. 12, pi. «?y. Job 12. 15.

3. The in/! of Kal, without the radical Yod, has very seldom the masculine form like JH to knoiv, Job 32. 6, 10, or the feminine termination H— like HT>

to 6mr, 2 Ki. 19. 3 ; HT1 fo ^0 efowrc, Ge. 46. 3. With suffix the form T\2f is used, as *$3P, WH (from JlTD). With guttural the latter takes the form fl— instead of fl~^r; e.g. run. Examples for the full form of the infinitive with the feminine termination are, T)W2\ to become dry, Ge. 8. 7 ; T\fi\ fo be able, Nu. 14. 16 (comp. § 8. rem. 1). With prepositions are, liDv to lay the foundation, Is. 51. 16; N"\? to fear, for KT1? 1 Sa. 18. 29.

The defective imperative has frequently parag. H , as HT) y0 ^oz^^, Ge. 45. 9 ; HDp ^o; instead of which also ^ Nu. 23. 13 ; Ju. 19. 13*; once n}H pr. 24. 14, for »TIH, comp. § 8. rem. 11.

4. The future 3K?. has, in some cases, the accent drawn back to the penultima, when the final syllable takes Segol instead of Tseri.

(a) Before monosyllabic ivords, or immediately pre- ceding another tone-syllable, e. g. /"^jS let me go, Ca. 4. 6 ; n|-nBj* he dwells therein, Job 22. 8; ®$ Ttfl

fire descends, 2 Ki. 1. 10, 12.

(b) After conversive Vav, as ^?.!, Tljl, 2^*1. The tone, however, is in this case retained (1) in the first person, as $#\, TttQ, 3jj?Kt, and (2) in pause, as 3$*!.

Pattahh instead of Ts^n is found in this defective form, as noticed above (rem. 1), only by concurrence with a guttural, and besides also in pause ; e. g. \2.Vl and he disappears, Job 27, 21 ; ^.1 and he went, Ge.*24. 61 ; 25. 34 ; Nu. 12. 9, &c.

II. Niphal.

5. In the pret. v&Hpart. there are a few examples where 1 is quiescent in Shurek, as \3-13 Zep. 3. 18, and nVi-13 mourning, La. 1.4; -np-13 (with euphonic Dagesh) ^ey were 5om, 1 Ch. 3. 5 ; 20. 8.

6. In two instances moveable * occurs instead of moveable 1 , and that in verbs which are undoubtedly V'Q, viz. FTTJ* he shall be shot through, Ex. 19. 13, and ^n»l and he waited, Ge. 8. 12 (pret. "?n'U, Hiph. Ttfin).

Sect. XX.]

IRREGULAR VERBS— PE YOD.

43

7. The fut. 1 pers. takes here invariably Hhireh under the preformative, as k?\$ (not T?i[§) Job. 3. 3, comp. Pr. 30. 9 ; Eze. 20. 5 ; 2 Sa. 22. 4 ; Ps. 18. 4 ; 119. 117; Je. 17. 4; 1 Ki. 19. 10.

III. Piel.

8. The only deviation to be met with in Piel is, that in a few examples the radical Yod is dropped after the preformative, and the latter adopts its punctuation, as is the case in verbs K"£ (J 19. rem. 10) : as tag^l for -in^l and he dries it up, Na. 1. 14; W'l for W\\ and' they threw, La. 3. 5, 3 ; fig! and he afflicted, La. 3. 33 ; Dlffl 2 Ch. 32. 30, Khethib for CHf!!!.

IV. HiPHIL AND HoPHAL.

9. The apocopated form of the future, 3^1*, has the tone drawn back to the penultima, and the final syllable takes Segol (comp. rem. 4) —

(a) Before another tone-syllable, as nj3? *)D"P Ae s/?tf7/ acfc? knowledge, Pr. 1. 5.

(5) After conversive Vav, as "'V'1*! awe? Ac fee?, Ex. 14. 21 ; nVw awrf Ac begat, Ge. 5. 3 ; 4. 6 ; but not in the first person, as ^)^\ Le. 26. 13. The tone- less helping Segol is omitted, and even Sheva put instead, in *lpifl~^ add not, Pr. 30. 6, for *|ptfl (comp. the nominal form P^P for EDg'p).

10. Almost peculiar to these verbs is the uncon- tracted form of the Hiph. fut. in which n is retained : as, W)7\\ he will save, 1 Sa. 17. 47; Ps. 116. 6; fiT'T he shall praise, Ne. 11.17; to^H^ I shall praise him, Ps. 28. 7 (comp. §11. rem. 12).

11. Vav may also be omitted, as 1Q*\ 2 Ki. 25. 20.

6.19;

12. In Hophal JHin appears in Le. 4. 23 for JH-in.

V. HlTHPAEL.

13. The only deviating form in Hithp. is ^-VHtt Ex. 2. 4, for 2-V!r)l? and she placed herself The omission of the radical Yod here is analagous to the cases in Piel (rem. 8), and the omission of the first radical &* in the Chaldee ; e. g. I^JjlS

On the second class or verbs properly u £5 .

14. The number of the verbs really belonging to this class is very limited. They are properly only the verbs 2W , ^ , pV , W . Along with these some single forms occur of real VrSJ, and vice versa; viz. «^n bring forth, Ge. 8. 17, Keri, for Khethib K)pn (which is the common form) ; DTP?*? / will chastise them, Ho. 7. 12 (along with Niph. "ip'U and the noun ID-ID) ; »3^n bring, Ex. 2. 9 (elsewhere always Ipftn) ; l^iH Ps. 5. 9 Khethib, but n*tf* Pr. 4. 25 ; and ^riNa. 3. 8, for *?W*

15. Some forms of the Hiphil are sometimes written defectively; e. g. 1*98, |*»n for 2^n, |W1. There is an uncontracted form also of this class in Is. 52. 5, where ^H* stands for -iWv. *% Ao^Z (comp. rem. 10).

A few forms of Hiph. fut. have occasioned much difficulty to grammarians, viz. ^P.V. for ^PV. Job 24. 21; i?^« Is. 15. 2; 16. 7; *W» Ho. 7. 14; b*fc*t Je. 48. 31, and constantly so in this verb (excepting nb»^« Mi. 1. 8), to which another example of Kal fut. is added, viz. V^\ he knows, for JH* Ps. 138. 6. The oldest grammarians regard * as changed from the characteristic H , so that ?v.1J stands for 7 7D! . This seems of all others the best explanation, only that it does not suit SH.V. , which cannot be Hiphil.

On the third class, or verbs *'fS, whose Yod is assimilated.

16. Yod in these verbs does not remain quiescent, but is assimilated like 3 in the verbs )"%>. Some verbs belong exclusively to this class; e.g. WT, Hiph. gV*n, Hoph. fut. PV, derivative V*»; n*>, Hiph. n^VO • Others have two forms ; one in which Yod is assimilated, and another in which it is quies- cent; e. g. p¥*, fut. pW. he shall pour, Le. 14. 26, and pW 1 Ki. 22. 35, Hoph. part. p*0 Job 11. 15; TO fut. WTO. he fashions it, Is. 44. 12; T>?g Je. 1. 5 Keri, but also TO>1.

The same assimilation takes place in some Chaldee verbs, e. g. h$\, fut, ^1; S>T, fut. S>T. ; but so that Dagesh is again resolved in Nun, as JTjIjP for VI* .

17. The future O of the verbs V'S is only to be met with in this class, as P$\ , TO , TO .

44

IRREGULAR VERBS— AYIN VAV AND AYIN YOD.

[Sect. XXI.

	TABLE	L. VERB AYIN VAV (1"J>)			AYIN YOD (*'?).
	KAL.	NIPHAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.	PILEL.	PULAL.	KAL.	NIPHAL.
Pret. 3. m.	D5	Dip^ *	B*pD	Dpjin	op'ip	Dpip		P?l
3./.	"W	"TO	n^pD	npp-in	ngrpip	nppip	H32 n3*2 TIT T r	H3123
2. m.	99P-	nip-ip3	^IP^D.	rippjin	nppip	rippip	n32 ni3*2 t : i~ t i •	7113-123 t i :
2. /•	npp_	ni»-ip3	nip*pn	nppjin	jjippip	jjippip	ri?2 ni3*2	ni3-133
1. c.	Wp.	*nip-ip3	*ni£*pn	viapn	*nppip	wpip	»jjija »rfi3*3	T113-123 • i :
Plur. 3. c.	■iDp 'iT	«Mp3	■i^pn	•ipp-in	■IDpIp	■ippip	it r	•13123
2.m.	D5?5	DniD-ipj	nrnro^^n	Dfloj^n	DrirpDip	Djnppijp	Dn32 Dni3*2	Dn'13-123
2. /.	?PPB	|niD-ip3	Ift^pLl	l£Win	jgppip	Jflpplp •uppip	$32 |nb»a	©*^?J
1. c	•u?p_	•I3ip-ip3	•I3ip*pn:	•i3pp:in	•I3ppip	•132 -1313^2	•1313-12?
Inf. absol.	tAp	Dipn	Dpn, D*pn '|"T ' '|"T				I?	ti?ri
constr.	D-ljp	Dipn	Q*gn	Dpjin	apip	Dpip	T?	n?n
Imp. m.	tanip	Dipn	Dpn V'T		&$P		r?	n?n
/•	^•ip	^pn	^pn	wanting	♦ppijp	wanting	wa	as Di pn
Plur. m.	■1»1p	•iDipn	•iD>pn		■ippip		•13*2 .1'
/•	rupp	mppn	njppn		t : i" '		- —
Fut. 3. in.	D-ip;	Dip*	D*p* VT	Dpjl*	D»ip*	Dpip*	r?:	n?!
3. /.	wpn	Dlpfi	DWI t t	Dp-in	Dpipn	Dpipjp	rw	as Dip*
2.m.	d$q	Dipn	D*pa T T	Dpjin	Dpipfl	Dpip)?	rw
2. /.	»p-ipn	*pipn	*?*P9	*pp-in	^Ipfi	''PPIpfi	*3*2n • r t
1. c.	D-1pK	DIpK	D1?S	D|>1N	&P'lpK	Djpip^.	1 r t
Plur. 3. m.	•i^p;	•iDip*	«*&	•10p-V	•ippip*	•Ippip*	•13*2* 1" T
3. /.	fiywp^i	mppn	n3ppfi	naopjin	mppipn	mppipfi	njysa
2.m.	•i»ipn	•lEipn	•iD*pn	•ipp-in	■ippipfl	•ippipn	•i3*2n 1* T
2. /.	n3*D-ipri	n3£pn t : 'i •	n3ppg	rappjin	mppipn	mppipjji	t iv • :
1. c.	D-1j?3	Dlp3	Q'P?	Dpj)3	tip^PJ	DpipJ	w
Fut. apoc.	di?t		Dp* '|"T				W
Fut. «n#i 1 <	•ora>. DP^l,	DI?U	Dp»1 '•••IT-				»»
Part. oc£.	Dp 'it	D^t3	o*p8	B»t)	Dp'lpp	Dpipp	i?	ft)
paws.	D4jp						w

The few instances of Piel and iftfAp: from V'V are IIV, D*p, 2N1, TOVH,

Sect. XXL]

IRREGULAR VERBS— AYIN VAV.

45

SECTION XXL— VERBS V'JJ. (TABLE L.)

REMARKS.

I. Pret. and Part, of Kal.

1. We class these two forms together, on ac- count of their similarity in these verbs. The form of the paradigm, in which the pret. is middle A (p)\>, contr. Dj5), is very seldom written in full. Examples, however, are — DK|1 he arises, Ho. 10. 14; part. D»DKB> despising, Eze. 28. 24, 26 ; fern. nitDKB> Eze. 16. 57; and in the adjective, as t-)K/ secretly, Ju. 4. 21 ; PKI^oor, Pr. 10. 4 ; 13. 23. Here must be referred the form *1N>3 Ps. 22. 17, which, according to the present punctuation, seems to stand for D*1K.? , or, with a slight change of the vowels, for *1N[3 , m both cases from 1-12 . Two codices read H&O , in the preterite, for -1121 .*

2. In the intransitive verbs middle E and 0, which in the regular verb have likewise the pret. and part, alike (§8. rem. 20), the latter are formed like T\ft (for n>D from HID), 11K (from 11K). Examples are :—

Pret. nriD s/ie died, Ex. 7. 21 ; -MIO Ex. 4. 19, 2 pers. nriD Eze. 28. 8; DFlK>3 Mai. 3. 20, from 85*1 S, 3 pers. pret. 5J>2; 012, 2 and 1 pers. fi^S, WB>3 thou art, we are, ashamed; 11X, pi. -Illtf £/iey are en- lightened, 1 Sa. 14. 29; -lib fftey are g-ood, Nu. 24. 5; •11T ZAey are estranged, Ps. 58. 4 (also -lit), they are pressed out, Is. 1. 6. -1N3 Je. 27. 18 is the only example in this verb, elsewhere always -1X3.

Part. 1# waking, Ca. 5. 2 ; D^ lodging, Ne. 13. 21; and written in full D*1\Jl stranger, 2 Ch. 2. 16. With 0, D*»1p arMtwg-, 2 Ki. 16.7 (also Dn?j3); D»G513 &emg* ashamed, Eze. 32. 30.

The part. fern. np£ is distinguished from the pret. 3 pers. fern. IEjI by the tone.

II. Inf., Imp. and Ftjt. of Kal.

3. In some verbs the 1 of the inf., constr., imp. and/w^. is always quiescent in Hholem, as 11 K to be light, K12 to come, £12 to be ashamed ; in all the rest it is quiescent in Shurek only, like Dip. Both forms are found also in one and the same verb, as ^•11 to thresh, imp. ^il Mi. 4. 13 ; inf. tth» to totter, Ps. 46.3, fut. tt-ID* . Din to spare, has a double fut. DW and D1IT ; the latter, however, seems everywhere to be the apocopated future (but written in full contrary to

rule). Those, however, with -1 have regularly i in the inf. abs., and apocopated fut. and imp.

4. Examples of the inf. abs. are — 1-W llil dwelling he shall dwell, Is. 54. 15; prrtBljl TY\D dying ye shall die, Ge. 3. 4 ; lE-lp* Dip arising they shall arise, Je. 44. 29 ; niJ Est. 9. 16, &c. Here belongs likewise the adv. 11V properly repeating.

5. There are also some examples of the imp. with Kibbuts, as T)D die, De. 32. 50 ; ^ Dp </e^ ifAee wjo, Jos. 7. 10; 2GJ> refem, Ex. 4. 19; H. ™m, 2 Ki. 4. 26. This form is certainly to be regarded as an apocopated imperative, and not as accidently written defectively, since Kibbuts is found also in the future besides the form with defective Hholem (comp. rem. 7).

Lengthened imperatives are HlD-lp, i"I21£J> (comp. § 8. rem. 11).

6. In one verb alone the preformatives of the future have Tseri, viz. Bfa* (for £12?), strictly after the form hhp\.

7. The apocopated future is DpJ, very seldom D|1J, or in full Dip* ; e. g. flfofi may she die, Nu. 23. 10 ; Ju. 16. 30 ; 2K» let him return, Ju. 7. 3 ; DT &tf him be exalted, 2 Sa. 22. 47 ; 2&PJ ?&? fe£ A«m wotf return, Ps. 74. 21 ; nb*1. to he may die, 1 Ki. 21. 10. Examples of the full orthography (Dip*) are very frequent in the verb Din, besides which there are also single instances found in other verbs, as D1VJY and he fasted, 1 Ki. 21. 27; SiPJjft awe? sA<? melted away, Am. 9. 5 ; moreover a few times in Khethib, where, in the Keri, Vav is cancelled, as V^\>V\\ and she kneaded, 2 Sa. 13. 8; 2i£>1 and he returned, Eze. 18.28. In both these last instances we are doubt- less to sound it 1 and not -1 .

8. When the tone of the apocopated future is drawn back to the penultima, Hholem is shortened to Kamets-hhatuph, Dj^. This takes place —

(a) Before monosyllabic words, as "5J? DjJT Job 22. 28 ; frequently with Makkeph (which otherwise is not usual in the like combination) ; e. g. ^J"3f[J 2 Sa. 19. 38 ; Da. 9. 16 ; ^"^ 1 Ki. 17. 21.

* This is likewise the reading of the Masora on Nu. 24. 9 ; comp. Prof. Lee's Heb. Lex. under "113.

46

IRREGULAR VERBS— AYIN VAV.

[Sect. XXL

(b) After conversive Vav, as &?*Tl, fiJSJl. In pause, however, the tone remains on the ultimate, as nbjl, D'pjl, comp. Ge. 11. 28, 32, with ch. 5. 5, 8. The first person of the future forms another excep- tion, which generally retains the full form after con- versive Vav (§ 11. rem. 6); e.g. &*pNJ 2 Ch. 6. 10; Ne. 2. 12; 4.8; Da. 8. 27.

9. When the first or last letter of the mono- syllabic root is a guttural or "I , the apocopated future ivith conversive Vav may take Pattahh in the final syllable ; e. g. 1DJ1 awe? he turned aside, Ru. 4. 1 ; 1!*1 awe? we wring ed out, Ju. 6. 38 ; 13*1 «^e? we rested, Ex. 10. 14 ; *l${il awe? he became weary, Ju. 4. 21.

10. For the Jut. 2 and 3 pers. pi, the form given in the paradigm (TWD-lpljl) is the usual one ; e. g. rwyBWJ Eze. 16. 55, comp. Is. 54. 10 ; 60. 8 ; Zee. 1. 17; 13. 7; there occurs, however, also a form like pb>FI besides rWl-ISJ^ in Eze. 16. 55, and rttfcOfl Est. 4. 4; 1 Sa. 10. 17 in Keri.

III. Niphal.

11. In the preterite occurs the form lijJj? for TlV? (according to ?bp3) Zee. 2. 17, which corresponds to the Kal fut. Bfa* (comp. rem. 6). This, however, maybe compared with the form P1B3 and referred to the Chaldee or Rabbinic punctuation of rem. 24.

12. The 1 is sometimes retained in those forms in which, according to the paradigm, it is to be changed to -1 on account of the accession at the end. Thus Dptebj (for Drfl^MQ}) ye are dispersed, Eze. 11.17; 20. 41; Dnb^J Eze. 20. 43. The -1 is, on the other hand, inserted contrary to the paradigm in the inf. B*HPI? Is. 25. 10, and part. D»?1J Ex. 14. 3 (comp. § 32. rem. 5).

IV. HlPHIL.

13. Preterite. Besides the forms with epenthetic S , there are others without it, after the form £PPD (ri'pppn) ; e. g. riaSH thou liftest up, Ex. 20. 25, besides ^S^l! Job 31. 21 ; ♦flKJJB (according to *r»KV93) Ge. 27. 12, besides ^iipri Eze. 38. 16 (comp. Je. 25. 13) ; ^DPI / cast, Je. 16. 13. The \ is especially omitted in verbs Jnff? and ]"? before the afformatives with H and 3, as nnpn , *npn, pi. DFIOl!,

with suff. HWl! Ho. 2. 5 ; -133 H we prepare, 2 Ch. 29. 19, besides ^^?CI 1 Ch. 29. 16.

There is, on the other hand, epenthetic *r instead of i in the fut. fl|0*mj1 for n3'D*rifl Mi. 2. 12 * (The change of *nijl from 'CJfi is occasioned by the shifting of the tone, comp. the pret. riip^pn, *]}Vp»j?n, but

imp. ra?55).

14. Less important deviations from the paradigm are : —

(a) Forms like rferjq (for n'lDnPI) Nu. 31. 28, especially before suffix tobjWj 2 Ki. 9. 2 (comp. 1 Ki. 8.34; Ex. 19.23; Ca. 3. 4 Keri) ; and written fully Dnb^n 2 Ch. 6. 25. (b) With ,%oJ instead of Pattahh under the preformatives, as fi'l^tpn 1 Ki. 8. 18; ni^in ps. 44. 8; sni^pn ps. 139. 18;" comp. also rem. 24.

15. Of the inf. there once occurs a Chaldee form with the fern, termination, viz. HS^D (with impure Kamets) for Spjin Is. 30. 28 (comp. PI'ITH Da. 5. 20), from *1«,

16. In the ^m/>. the shortened and lengthened form Dpn , HD^pn have wholly supplanted the regular form CpH ,f

17. The apocopated future has the form Dj?.* . Ex- amples are, D^*] Ma£ /^ fe/ce wp, Nu. 17. 2; ID* /e£ him take away, Job 9. 34; ID*1} ^^ Ae may remove, Ex. 10. 17; Nu. 21. 7. As the poetic future and pre- sent, TJP Da. 11. 25; F&J Job 38. 24; D^ 1 Sa. 2. 10.

18. When the tone is drawn back, the final syl- lable takes Segol instead of Tseri, as (after a nega- tion) 2OT) "7^ turn n°t away, 1 Ki. 2. 20, or after conversive Vav, &"3jl, P)|jjl &c. The 1 pers., however, forms an exception here as in Kal (rem. 8), as y¥$\ Ne. 2. 20; 6. 4; I^KI vers. 13, 15, besides 1V$\ Je. 32. 10; D*p«J Am. 2. 11.

19. When one of the letters is a guttural or 1 the final syllable takes Pattahh, as in Kal (rem. 9), and the con- text must decide between Kal and Hiphil, as IDJ! and he removed, Ge. 8. 1 3 ; H^Jl awe? we yave rest, Jos. 21 . 42.

V. Pilel, Pttlal and Hithpalel.

20. In the Hithpal the final syllable has some-

* The form 113— for \W— is found also in (iSn-IDW Zee. 13. 19, n3*1fin Zee. 1. 17, but not in all MSS. and editions (comp. § 24. rem. 6). •

t This, however, remains the ground-form whenever the suffixes are added, as ID^PH Je. 23. 20; 30. 24; comp. §11. rem. 5.

Sect. XXII.]

IRREGULAR VERBS— AYIN YOD.

47

times also Pattahh, as in the Hithpa. of the regular verb (§ 12. rem. 1), and hence Kamets in pause, as pret. $300 Is. 1. 3; HDOipjpp Job 20. 27; imp.

jgjghon ps. 60. io; fut. yi»o"n ps. 107. 26, comp.

Ps. 119. 158; 139. 21; 58. 8.

21. The form ^|WJJ he has prepared us, Job 31. 15, stands for ^^b?! (from fety) the first Nun being compensated for by Dagesh, and 1 having lost the tone is shortened to -1 (comp. Niph. &ip3, 2 pers. n'lD-lpJ). The omission of Dagesh in the 3 of the suffix seems to be designed for avoiding the con- currence of too many Nuns.

VI. In General.

22. On account of the intimate relation between verbs 1"V and V"V (see above § 18. rem. 12), some of the former class borrow forms from the latter, as Kal pret. T? he despised for T3 (from T-13), Zee. 4. 10 ;

riD he

Is. 44. 18.

23. The verbs whose middle radical is a moveable Vav are, in respect to this letter, quite regular. They are, however, comparatively few. E. g.

Tin,

fut. "Un; to be white; V\\, fut. V\V. to die; Pin, fut. nVV to be wide, Pu. n-VTO; ITl*, fut. HIV! to cry; 5$, Pi. >$ to act perversely ; TjJJ, Pi. ")•$ fo J/^; and several others which are also flf7, as Hin, ilin, Hp,

24. The verbs Vr]J have also this in common with the verbs V"V (§ 18. rem. 14) that some forms take Dagesh forte in the first radical letter like the verbs j " Q , and the preformative takes a short vowel instead of the long, which is more usual in the Chaldee and Rabbinic; e. g. D^D, «^» Ex. 16. 7, 8; Nu. 14. 27 (from f-1/5 to murmur) ; ■IT1'?* ^<?y depart (from t-v) ; IVDn, n*D>, r^Dft, along with IVpjT., IVDJ (fo s&«- fefe) ; Niph. W©3 Ae was circumcised, Ge. 17. 26, 27; 34. 22 (from ^O) ; with gutt. %.} Zee. 2. 17 (comp. rem. 11). In the same way may be explained *Jlh»yn Is. 41. 25; "rnjm Je. ll. 7 (with Dagesh forte implicit) for W^O. Here belong, more- over, some forms of verbs Pe guttural with Dagesh forte implicit, as Kal fut. G^OO! for $0$! and she hastened (from tf-W) Job 31. 5; &£!, »SQ! 1 Sa. 15. 19, and 14. 32 Keri, from M or tt*# to rush upon.

SECTION XXIL— ON THE VERBS *"J?. (Table L.)

REMARKS. 1. In the preterite some verbs have both the forms

exhibited in the paradigm, as *nW2l Da. 9. 2 ; PIJR33 Ps. 139. 2 ; nbn tf&w contendest, Job 33. 13 ; Ftrif] La. 3. 58 ; DM"! they fish them, Je. 16. 16. The par- ticiple exhibits here also two forms, as |2 middle A, and D^ mi^fe ^, Ne. 13. 21 (comp. § 21. rem. 2).

2. Examples of the inf. abs. are — 3"l striving, Ju. 11.25; Job 40. 2; n*B> putting, Is. 22. 7; also nn Je. 50. 34.

3. Examples of the apocopated fut. are — (a) 2^ let him plead, 1 Sa. 24. 16; D85>J may Ae ywe, 1 Sa. 2. 20; ^ may Ae re/wce, Ps. 13. 6; l^ fo Ho. 4. 4. (5) 13*1 ^a£ Ae may observe, Je. 9. 11 ; Ho. 14. 10. (c) As a positive future of poesy, as DB>* he shall put, Job 33. 11 ; 24. 25; Ps. 107. 33 (comp. § 11. rem. 6). With the retracted tone the final syllable

takes Segol (a) before a monosyllabic word, as )h IT Ju. 6. 31, 32; (b) after !?K, as ?^l ^ 2 Sa. 17. 16; (c) with conversive Vav, as &£>,*! , |1*1.

Pattahh occurs instead of Tseri (a) on account of a guttural, as PH* Ae may smell, 1 Sa. 26. 19 ; (6) in ^awse, as £$-??« Ju. 19. 20 ; f?n Job 17. 2.

II. NlPHAE.

4. *1ST3 pottage (properly sodden), Ge. 25. 29, from "M, is the only example in which Yod is retained in Niphal. (There is at least no trace of a root ™=1>T).

III. HlPHIL.

5. The fut. of Hiph. can be distinguished from the fut. of Kal by the signification only; e. g. P?J he understands ; Hiph. P3*?fi he gives them understand- ing, Job 32. 8.

48

IRREGULAR VERBS— LAMED ALEPH.

[Sect. XXIII.

		TABLE M.	VERB LAMED ALEPH (K*!?).
	KAL.	NIPHAL.	PIEL.	PUAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.	HITHPAEL.
Pret. 3. m.	KVO IT T	it : •	,.. .	IT \	a»s»n	ason	KWMin
3. /.	it : it	it : : •	it : •	JIKtfO IT ! '••	n&oson t i* : *	nason it : : •.,	nasonn it : - : •
2. m.	nsvo T IT T	nasoj t i" : •	n^so T i" •	T |" %.	™??D	nason t i" : ••.	nasonn t i" - : •
2. /.	na*o IT T	nxvoj	n&reo	nK-vo	nason	nason	na-sonn
1. c	>riK¥£	*flKV03	^nx-vo	*n»s»	*nason	^nason	ma-sonn
Plur. 3. c.	•IKSO i : it	i : : •	•IKtfO i : •	•ikso	•wson	wson i : : •••	■la-sbnn
2. m.	nnaso	nn^oj	Dn«*o	IV •• •..	Dnason	onason	nnasonn
2. /.	|n«^p	|n«vip3	?pN*P	Iptftfft	|n«v»n	jnason	f nasonn
1. c.	•*I3K¥0 IT t	•iJKjrpj	MKJWO	MKJMD	■uaspri	•uaspn	•uaspnn
Inf. a&soZ.	aiso 1 T	&&OJ	&&0		ason
consfr.	KSO	*w?	Ktffc	N-JfD	1" : -	ason it : ••.	^onn
Imp. m.	KVO it :	K^on ,.. T .	K-VO		ason		asonn
P/ttr. 7w.	r : • •1KVO	r : it • •ikvoh	•IKtfO	wanting	•la^son	wanting	^a-spnn •i asonn
/•	im¥0 t iv :	T IV T '	nj&rao		mason t iv : ~		masonn t iv - : '
Fut. 3. m.	it : •	I" T •	«ato*	it ••. :	K»SO»	aSO>	ason*
3. /.	K^on it : •	K^on 1" T •	KtfOn	K*on it ••. :	wson	aSOn	asonn
2. m.	K¥On	K^on I" T ■	KtfOn	KtfOn	a^on	ason IT ! "••	K-xonn 1- - : •
2. /.	»N^»n	»Kttteft	wson	*K*on	wson	■»ason	wsonn
1. c.	kvok	1" T V	KttOK	it ■.. -;	a^SOa	aSOa it : •..	K-von«
Pfar. 3. 7W.	•1«XO*	•IKtfO*	•iKtfb*	•IKtfO''	*K'V»*	•iaso>	w-von»
3. /.	nation t iv : .•	m&rcon T |V T •	niKson t iv - :	mason	mason t iv : ~	mason t iv : •..	H3K-vonn
2. m.	•iK*on	i : it •	•la-son	•la-son	•la^son	•ik von i : : ••	wypnn
2. /.	mason t iv : •	nasvon T IV T •	m&rcon t iv - :	mason t iv •.. :	mason t iv : -	mason t iv : •..	nax-vonn T IV i *
1. c.	«¥*??	N¥03 I" T •	NttOJ	N;¥9?	a* SO J	aSOJ it : ••.	N^pn?
Fut. apoc.	(Jussive)				*$>?!
Part. act.	kso	it : •	KttOO	KSpO	a^SOO	aSOO	K-vono
pass.	K-1SO

SECTION XXIIL— ON THE VERBS «^. (Table M.)

REMARKS.

I. Kal. fear; sT\VQ'0 I have filled. The 3 pers. fern, assumes

sometimes the Aramaic form, as n&Oj? Is. 7. 14; and so in Niph. mhpi Ps. 118. 23; in Hoph. n«in Ge.

1. The verbs middle JS, like NT, retain Tseri throughout the rest of the persons, as n&TV thou didst

Sect. XXIII.]

IRREGULAR VERBS— LAMED ALEPH.

49

33. 11. There are also examples where N is omitted, *n>'£ Nu. 11. 11 ; *ri£ Job 1. 21 ; *r&D Job 32. 18.

2. Forms of the infinitive deviating from the paradigm are— (a) like n^T., HNDn, ilKpg, also T\xr\\h* by Syriacism for TWX^h (constr. of n&nj?) ; (0) n^P for T\&n (after njb») Le. 12. 4; niOj? fo o*#, Ju. 8. 1 ; nifc'f to Aafo, Pr. 8. 13 ; (c) HIKf D fo cany, Eze. 17. 9, for n§B>».

K is omitted in teQ Ge. 20. 6.

3. In the imperative there is an anomalous form, WV. fear ye, Ps. 34. 10 (comp. WB"}? Niph. Eze. 47. 8), where K is passed over in the pronunciation. The punctuators have given to this word the character of H"/ probably to distinguish it from •Itf'V they shall see.

A striking anomaly is presented in H^&n-I H^Ky go out and see, Ca. 3. 11, where the first word stands for HTJXy , comp. the fut. nJWfi Eze. 23. 49. The epen- thetic *t is as anomalous here as it is in the regular verb § 8. rem. 16, only that here it is chosen for the sake of consonance with •"V^"].

4. The part. fern, is commonly, by contraction, DSVb, seldom with the Syriac punctuation H^VD for nareb, Ca. 8. 10; 1 Ki. 10. 22; and defective nw De. 28. 57.

In the masculine a Syriac punctuation is intro- duced in D^ph for D^tph sinners, 1 Sa. 14. 33 ; D&na for DfJB Ne. 6. 8.

II. NlPHAL.

5. In a few instances K is omitted, as EFIPP} ye are polluted, Le. 11. 43 ; DpSTO ye have hid yourself, Jos. 2. 16. In the 3 pers. fern, the same kind of contraction is found as in Kal (rem. 1), as J"IN7S} Ps. 118. 23 ; nfc6wf De. 30. 11 ; nKBIpJ Nu. 5. 20 ; Eze. 23. 30.

6. In the participle there are traces of a form like K*P?, viz. in the plurals fi^VPJ Est. 1.5; 4. 16; ENTCSM Eze. 20. 30 ; D^m Jos." 10. 17 (comp. § 15. rem. 2, and dec. 7).

III. HlPHIL.

7. Anomalous forms are *tpnn 2 Ki. 13. 6; inf.

^nn je. 32. 35, for a*pnn , K*prjn .

IV. In General.

8. In addition to the anomalous forms exhibited above there are others, the irregularity of which consists in assuming forms of verbs nff7. The K'v and n"7 of the Hebrew form but one class in the Aramaic. The Syriac has K only, and the Chaldee has K and H promiscuously forming but one class. In the Hebrew this is either peculiar to certain verbs, and the two exist as distinct verbs K"? and H*?, and as such occupy separate places in the Lexicon, e. g. K"3i? and TVy> to meet, WS and n?B to be distinguished, &c, or in the real N*P there occur some isolated forms which borrow either the punctuation only or the inflexion altogether from H"? ■ comp. the follow- ing remarks.

9. Examples of such verbs, where K is retained, and only the punctuation of H'r7 is adopted, are — *fi&03 1 have refrained, Ps. 119. 101 ; part. KJfb, «gh Ec. 7. 26 ; 8. 12 ; Piel *&» he accomplished, Je. 51. 34 ; tGpl ps. 143. 3 ; *nNSn J taZ, 2 Ki. 2. 21 ; fut. KM) he swallows, Job 39. 24 ; inf. niK?» 2 Ch. 36. 21 ; nN7D Ex. 31.5; Hithp. rtK|5JJ©n Eze. 13. 17 ; Hiph. K^ipn Is. 28. 29 ; De. 28. 59 ; nriN^n she concealed (with n parag.), Jos. 6. 17.

10. In the following examples there is, on the contrary, the punctuation of K"? retained, and H only is adopted. Kal imp. HB"! for KB*] heal, Ps. 60. 4; npp for KM, Kfrj Ps. 4." 7. Niph. inf. abs. nam Je. 49. 10, constr. Hnnn fo hide oneself, 1 Ki. 22." 25; HSnn Je. 19. 11. Piel nfe* £e shall fill, Job 8.21.

11. Finally, forms which are entirely inflected after nff7—noy thou art thirsty, Ru. 2. 9 ; Ao for •1«te *% are/w#, Eze. 28. 16; -173 for fo£g 1 Sa. 6. 10 ; K-1SW Ps. 139. 20 (with parag. K § 8. rem. 4), for ti», tofej; fut. JWfjn Job 5.18; part. fern. Ky* for ny% H«y» Ec. 10.5; pass. **>J Ps. 32. 1. Niph. JV33 Mow hast prophesied, Je. 26. 9 ; W»tM we are polluted, Job 18. 3; nns^ Je. 51.9; fut. (perhaps) W»! *f% are found, Ps. 73. io ; WB>£ Je. 10. 5 (with parag. K). PieHS?., Je. 8. 11. Hithp. n^n 1 Sa. 10. 6 ; ni3Jrin l Sa.'lO. 6. Hiph. WV?H 2 Sa. 3. 8 ; part. H3J5ID for *Mj?» Eze. 8. 3.

* Comp. BWDfl for D^t?h rem. 4.

t This, however, must be taken as a participle, comp. rem. 4.

1*

50

IE11EGULAR VERBS—LAMED HE.

[Sect. XXIV.

		TABLE	N. VERB	LAMED HE	(h^).
	KAL.	NIPHAL.	PIEL.	PUAL.	HIPHIL.	HOPHAL.	HITHPAEL.
Pret.3. to.	rhi	rto